{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:44:28Z","timestamp":1792374268632,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["IF2\/PSAU\/2022\/03\/20431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF2\/PSAU\/2022\/03\/20431"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study was performed to assess and rationalize the traditional utilization of the fruit part of Grewia tenax (G. tenax). The phytoconstituents present in the methanolic extract were analyzed using Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), while the anti-diarrheal activity was investigated in the Swiss albino mice against castor oil-provoked diarrhea in vivo. The antispasmodic effect and the possible pharmacodynamics of the observed antispasmodic effect were determined in an isolated rat ileum using the organ bath setup as an ex vivo model. GC-MS findings indicate that G. tenax is rich in alcohol (6,6-dideutero-nonen-1-ol-3) as the main constituent (20.98%), while 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (15.36%) was detected as the second major constituents whereas methyl furfural, pyranone, carboxylic acid, vitamin E, fatty acid ester, hydrocarbon, steroids, sesquiterpenes, phytosterols, and ketones were verified as added constituents in the methanolic extract. In mice, the orally administered G. tenax inhibited the diarrheal episodes significantly (p &lt; 0.05) at 200 mg\/kg (40% protection), and this protection was escalated to 80% with the next higher dose of 400 mg\/kg. Loperamide (10 mg\/kg), a positive control drug, imparted 100% protection, whereas no protection was shown by saline. In isolated rat ileum, G. tenax completely inhibited the carbamylcholine (CCh; 1 \u00b5M) and KCl (high K+; 80 mM)-evoked spasms in a concentrations-mediated manner (0.03 to 3 mg\/mL) by expressing equal potencies (p &gt; 0.05) against both types of evoked spasms, similar to papaverine, having dual inhibitory actions at phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) and Ca2+ channels (CCB). Similar to papaverine, the inhibitory effect of G. tenax on PDE was further confirmed indirectly when G. tenax (0.1 and 0.3 mg\/mL) preincubated ileal tissues shifted the isoprenaline-relaxation curve towards the left. Whereas, pre-incubating the tissue with 0.3 and 1 mg\/mL of G. tenax established the CCB-like effect by non-specific inhibition of CaCl2\u2013mediated concentration-response curves towards the right with suppression of the maximum peaks, similar to verapamil, a standard CCB. Thus, the present investigation revealed the phytochemical constituents and explored the detailed pharmacodynamic basis for the curative use of G. tenax in diarrhea and hyperactive gut motility disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T04:15:00Z","timestamp":1670991300000},"page":"8880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Detailed Pharmacodynamics of the Gut Relaxant Effect and GC-MS Analysis of the Grewia tenax Fruit Extract: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najeeb Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Nazam","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2639-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasim","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1497-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-diarrheal and anti-diabetic activities of the stem, barks and leaves of the plant Vernonia cinerea (family: Asteraceae)","volume":"3","author":"Haque","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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