{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:52:15Z","timestamp":1785552735760,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007706","name":"Italian Ministry of Economic Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP B83D17001330008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B83D17001330008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soilless cultivation of saffron (Crocus sativus) in a controlled environment represents an interesting alternative to field cultivation, in order to obtain a standardized high-quality product and to optimize yields. In particular, pharma-grade saffron is fundamental for therapeutic applications of this spice, whose efficacy has been demonstrated in the treatment of macular diseases, such as Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). In this work, a hydroponic cultivation system was developed, specifically designed to meet the needs of C. sativus plant. Various cultivation recipes, different in spectrum and intensity of lighting, temperature, photoperiod and irrigation, have been adopted to study their effect on saffron production. The experimentation involved the cultivation of corms from two subsequent farm years, to identify and validate the optimal conditions, both in terms of quantitative yield and as accumulation of bioactive metabolites, with particular reference to crocins and picrocrocin, which define the \u2018pharma-grade\u2019 quality of saffron. Through HPLC analysis and chromatography it was possible to identify the cultivation parameters suitable for the production of saffron with neuroprotective properties, evaluated by comparison with an ISO standard and the REPRON\u00ae procedure. Furthermore, the biochemical characterization was completed through NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses of saffron extracts. The whole experimental framework allowed to establish an optimized protocol to produce pharma-grade saffron, allowing up to 3.2 g\/m2 harvest (i.e., more than three times higher than field production in optimal conditions), which meets the standards of composition for the therapy of AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:05:09Z","timestamp":1671440709000},"page":"8972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Farming for Pharming: Novel Hydroponic Process in Contained Environment for Efficient Pharma-Grade Production of Saffron"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3063-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Nardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Metelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Garegnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAER\u2014Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico of Milano, 20100 Milan, MI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Massa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bennici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Lamanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Trisaia Research Center, 75026 Rotondella, MT, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0425-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Catellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Trisaia Research Center, 75026 Rotondella, MT, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Bisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie D\u2019Oro 305, 00136 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2474-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Anna","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hortus Novus Srl, Via Campo Sportivo 2, 67050 Canistro, AQ, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia C.","family":"Demurtas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Benvenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia 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