{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:49:07Z","timestamp":1791920947561,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFC2101000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2101000"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["ZR2021MH276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MH276"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021FTDWFX04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021FTDWFX04"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019LJ003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019LJ003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2101000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2101000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021MH276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MH276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021FTDWFX04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021FTDWFX04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019LJ003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019LJ003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security","award":["2021YFC2101000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2101000"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security","award":["ZR2021MH276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MH276"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security","award":["2021FTDWFX04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021FTDWFX04"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security","award":["2019LJ003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019LJ003"]}]},{"name":"Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University","award":["2021YFC2101000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2101000"]}]},{"name":"Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University","award":["ZR2021MH276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MH276"]}]},{"name":"Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University","award":["2021FTDWFX04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021FTDWFX04"]}]},{"name":"Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University","award":["2019LJ003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019LJ003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The existence of latent viral reservoirs (LVRs), also called latent cells, has long been an acknowledged stubborn hurdle for effective treatment of HIV-1\/AIDS. This stable and heterogeneous reservoir, which mainly exists in resting memory CD4+ T cells, is not only resistant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) but cannot be detected by the immune system, leading to rapid drug resistance and viral rebound once antiviral treatment is interrupted. Accordingly, various functional cure strategies have been proposed to combat this barrier, among which one of the widely accepted and utilized protocols is the so-called \u2018shock-and-kill\u2019 regimen. The protocol begins with latency-reversing agents (LRAs), either alone or in combination, to reactivate the latent HIV-1 proviruses, then eliminates them by viral cytopathic mechanisms (e.g., currently available antiviral drugs) or by the immune killing function of the immune system (e.g., NK and CD8+ T cells). In this review, we focuse on the currently explored small molecular LRAs, with emphasis on their mechanism-directed drug targets, binding modes and structure-relationship activity (SAR) profiles, aiming to provide safer and more effective remedies for treating HIV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T02:55:47Z","timestamp":1671504947000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Medicinal Chemistry of Anti-HIV-1 Latency Chemotherapeutics: Biotargets, Binding Modes and Structure-Activity Relationship Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yan-Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Disease of Shandong Province, No 6699, Qingdao Road, Ji\u2019nan 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Disease of Shandong Province, No 6699, Qingdao Road, Ji\u2019nan 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, No 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Xia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, No 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, No 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Peng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, No 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Disease of Shandong Province, No 6699, Qingdao Road, Ji\u2019nan 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284\u22121290","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1295-1284","article-title":"In vivo fate of HIV-1-infected T cells: Quantitative analysis of the transition to stable latency","volume":"1","author":"Chun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945956","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.945956","article-title":"The reservoir of latent HIV","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, A., Ramirez, N.P., and D\u2019Orso, I. (2020). HIV-1 proviral transcription and latency in the new era. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050555"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448\u2212454","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80565","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of HIV latency","volume":"126","author":"Cary","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3\u22129","article-title":"Establishment of latent HIV-1 reservoirs: What do we really know?","volume":"5","author":"Vanhamel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virus Erad."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"16\u221224","article-title":"Evolution of experimental design and research techniques in HIV reservoir studies: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Depelseneer","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.06.020","article-title":"Deep latency: A new insight into a functional HIV cure","volume":"45","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3060","article-title":"Current status of latency reversing agents facing the heterogeneity of HIV-1 cellular and tissue reservoirs","volume":"10","author":"Kula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"183\u2212211","article-title":"Advances and challenges of HDAC inhibitors in cancer therapeutics","volume":"138","author":"McClure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25\u221229","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328341242d","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors and HIV latency","volume":"6","author":"Margolis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336\u22121359","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202000934","article-title":"Strategies to design selective histone deacetylase inhibitors","volume":"16","author":"Melesina","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615\u2212621","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0195","article-title":"Isoform-selective versus nonselective histone deacetylase inhibitors in HIV latency reversal","volume":"38","author":"Boateng","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103\u22121111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.03.017","article-title":"Novel histone deacetylase inhibitor NCH-51 activates latent HIV-1 gene expression","volume":"585","author":"Victoriano","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053\u22123056","DOI":"10.1021\/ol035056n","article-title":"Phosphorus-based SAHA analogues as histone deacetylase inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Kapustin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281\u2212286","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.6b00124","article-title":"Structural requirements of HDAC inhibitors: SAHA analogues modified at the C2 position display HDAC6\/8 selectivity","volume":"8","author":"Negmeldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13143","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.23.13143","article-title":"Apicidin: A novel antiprotozoal agent that inhibits parasite histone deacetylase","volume":"93","author":"Gurnett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2003\u22122006","article-title":"Design and synthesis of a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor","volume":"50","author":"Tao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, D.G., Chiang, V., Fyne, E., Balakrishnan, M., Barnes, T., Graupe, M., Hesselgesser, J., Irrinki, A., Murry, J.P., and Stepan, G. (2014). Histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin induces HIV expression in CD4 T cells from patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy at concentrations achieved by clinical dosing. PLoS Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004071"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993\u22121001","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.23800","article-title":"Comparison of HDAC inhibitors in clinical development: Effect on HIV production in latently infected cells and T-cell activation","volume":"9","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00076","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors for purging HIV-1 from the latent reservoir","volume":"17","author":"Matalon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00361","article-title":"Advances in developing CAR T-cell therapy for HIV cure","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30042-X","article-title":"Fimepinostat, a novel dual inhibitor of HDAC and PI3K, effectively reverses HIV-1 latency ex vivo without T cell activation","volume":"5","author":"Gunst","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virus Erad."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaikos, T.D., Painter, M.M., Sebastian-Kettinger, N.T., Terry, V.H., and Collins, K.L. (2018). Class 1-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors enhance HIV latency reversal while preserving the activity of HDAC isoforms necessary for maximal HIV gene expression. J. Virol., 92.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02110-17"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.09.004","article-title":"The thioacetate-\u03c9(\u03b3-lactam carboxamide) HDAC inhibitor ST7612AA1 as HIV-1 latency reactivation agent","volume":"123","author":"Badia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000067","article-title":"Entinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor selective for class I histone deacety;ases and activates HIV production from latently infected primary T cells","volume":"27","author":"Wightman","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton, K.M., Archin, N.M., Keedy, K.S., Espeseth, A.S., Zhang, Y.L., Gale, J., Wagner, F.F., Holson, E.B., and Margolis, D.M. (2014). Selective HDAC Inhibition for the Disruption of Latent HIV-1 Infection. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102684"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2021.128168","article-title":"Discovery of macrocyclic HDACs 1, 2, and 3 selective inhibitors for HIV latency reactivation","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota, T.M., McCann, C.D., Danesh, A., Huang, S.H., Magat, D.B., Ren, Y., Leyre, L., Bui, T.D., Rohwetter, T.M., and Kovacs, C.M. (2020). Integrated assessment of viral transcription, antigen presentation, and CD8+ T cell function reveals multiple limitations of class I-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors during HIV-1 latency reversal. J. Virology, 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01845-19"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795121","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.795121","article-title":"Deciphering DNA methylation in HIV Infection","volume":"12","author":"Arumugam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-266","article-title":"Cell line-dependent variability in HIV activation employing DNMT inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Fernandez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117\u2212138","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201505557","article-title":"Sequential treatment with 5-aza-2\u2019-deoxycytidine and deacetylase inhibitors reactivates HIV-1","volume":"8","author":"Bouchat","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc0351","article-title":"Inhibitors of DNA methylation: Beyond myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"2","author":"Fenaux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Res. Clin. Oncol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M., Rahaman, S., Islam, R., Rahman, F., Mithi, F.M., Alqahtani, T., Almikhlafi, M.A., Alghamdi, S.Q., Alruwaili, A.S., and Hossain, S. (2022). Role of phenolic compounds in human disease: Current knowledge and future prospects. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010233"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103985","article-title":"Novel role of UHRF1 in the epigenetic repression of the latent HIV-1","volume":"79","author":"Verdikt","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5390\u22125392","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00040-12","article-title":"Paucity of HIV DNA methylation in latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells from infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy","volume":"86","author":"Blazkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182\u2212189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.02.022","article-title":"Involvement of histone methyltransferase GLP in HIV-1 latency through catalysis of H3K9 dimethylation","volume":"440","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00133-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00133-17","article-title":"Multiple histone lysine methyltransferases are required for the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16538","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.103531","article-title":"Involvement of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase G9a in the maintenance of HIV-1 latency and its reactivation by BIX01294","volume":"285","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1560","article-title":"Structural basis for G9a-like protein lysine methyltransferase inhibition by BIX-01294","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7950","DOI":"10.1021\/jm901543m","article-title":"Discovery of a 2,4-diamino-7-aminoalkoxyquinazoline as a potent and selective inhibitor of histone lysine methyltransferase G9a","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MD00274A","article-title":"Identification of 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline derivatives as G9a inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Srimongkolpithak","year":"2014","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1021\/jm100478y","article-title":"Protein lysine methyltransferase G9a inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and structure activity relationships of 2,4-diamino-7-aminoalkoxy-quinazolines","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6139","DOI":"10.1021\/jm200903z","article-title":"Optimization of cellular activity of G9a inhibitors 7-aminoalkoxy-quinazolines","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.599","article-title":"A chemical probe selectively inhibits G9a and GLP methyltransferase activity in cells","volume":"7","author":"Vedadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8931","DOI":"10.1021\/jm401480r","article-title":"Discovery of an in vivo chemical probe of the lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b02008","article-title":"Discovery of a novel chemotype of histone lysine methyltransferase EHMT1\/2 (GLP\/G9a) inhibitors: Rational design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and co-crystal structure","volume":"62","author":"Milite","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.10.018","article-title":"The Suv39H1 methyltransferase inhibitor chaetocin causes induction of integrated HIV-1 without producing a T cell response","volume":"585","author":"Bernhard","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835535f5","article-title":"Histone methyltransferase inhibitors induce HIV-1 recovery in resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected HAART-treated patients","volume":"26","author":"Bouchat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9078","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00836-11","article-title":"Epigenetic silencing of HIV-1 by the histone H3 lysine 27 methyltransferase enhancer of Zeste 2","volume":"85","author":"Friedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00514","article-title":"Evaluation of EED inhibitors as a class of PRC2-targeted small molecules for HIV latency reversal","volume":"6","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.011","article-title":"SMYD2-mediated histone methylation contributes to HIV-1 latency","volume":"21","author":"Boehm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.012","article-title":"HIV latency gets a new histone mark","volume":"21","author":"Nikolai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4\u221212","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0199","article-title":"Targeting NF-\u03baB signaling with protein kinase C agonists as an emerging strategy for combating HIV latency","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S.N., Dey, D.K., Oh, S.T., Kong, W.H., Cho, K.H., Al-Olayan, E.M., Hwang, B.S., Kang, S.C., and Park, J.G. (2020). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced toxicity study and the role of tangeretin in abrogating HIF-1\u03b1-NF-\u03baB crosstalk in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239261"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10507","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10507-10515.2004","article-title":"Dual role of prostratin in inhibition of infection and reactivation of human immunodeficiency virus from latency in primary blood lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue","volume":"78","author":"Biancotto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2010174","article-title":"The protein kinase C agonist PEP005 (Ingenol 3-Angelate) in the treatment of human cancer: A balance between efficacy and toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Ersvaer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00034-2","article-title":"Activation of latent HIV-1 expression by the potent anti-tumor promoter 12-deoxyphorbol 13phenylacetate","volume":"59","author":"Bocklandt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.854","article-title":"HIV type 1 inhibition by protein kinase C modulatory compounds","volume":"22","author":"Warrilow","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07157-0","article-title":"Reactivation of HIV-1 from latency by an ingenol derivative from Euphorbia Kansui","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104555","article-title":"Dual effects of the novel ingenol derivatives on the acute and latent HIV-1 infections","volume":"169","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965\u2212978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.11.025","article-title":"SJ23B, a jatrophane diterpene activates classical PKCs and displays strong activity against HIV in vitro","volume":"77","author":"Bedoya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1021\/np9006553","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of 12-aminoacylphorboids","volume":"73","author":"Pagani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.10.005","article-title":"Effects of diterpenes from latex of Euphorbia lactea and Euphorbia laurifolia on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reactivation","volume":"71","author":"Avila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2007.04.009","article-title":"Isolation of new phenylacetylingol derivatives that reactivate HIV-1 latency and a novel spirotriterpenoid from Euphorbia officinarum latex","volume":"15","author":"Daoubi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2174\/157016210793499312","article-title":"Bryostatin-1 synergizes with histone deacetylase inhibitors to reactivate HIV-1 from latency","volume":"8","author":"Marquez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195321","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01953-21","article-title":"Bryostatin-1 decreases HIV-1 infection and viral production in human primary macrophages","volume":"96","author":"Hany","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23833","article-title":"HIV-1 infection and latency-reversing agents bryostatin-1 and JQ1 disrupt amyloid beta homeostasis in human astrocytes","volume":"68","author":"Proust","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6638","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0495069","article-title":"Synthetic bryostatin analogues activate the RasGRP1 signaling pathway","volume":"47","author":"Stone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.05.033","article-title":"Reactivation of latent HIV-1 by new semi-synthetic ingenol esters","volume":"462\u2013463","author":"Pandelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8638","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01233","article-title":"Gnidimacrin, a potent anti-HIV diterpene, can eliminate latent HIV-1 ex vivo by activation of protein kinase C beta","volume":"58","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005798","article-title":"Benzolactam-related compounds promote apoptosis of HIV-infected human cells via protein kinase C-induced HIV latency reversal","volume":"294","author":"Matsuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5632","DOI":"10.1039\/D1OB00658D","article-title":"Structural variation of protein-ligand complexes of the first bromodomain of BRD4","volume":"19","author":"Guest","year":"2021","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salahong, T., Schwartz, C., and Sungthong, R. (2021). Are BET inhibitors yet promising latency-reversing agents for HIV-1 reactivation in AIDS therapy?. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061026"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09504","article-title":"Selective inhibition of BET bromodomains","volume":"468","author":"Filippakopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24100","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24100","article-title":"The BET inhibitor OTX015 reactivates latent HIV-1 through P-TEFb","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.04.005","article-title":"A novel bromodomain inhibitor, CPI-203, serves as an HIV-1 latency-reversing agent by activating positive transcription elongation factor b","volume":"164","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.23309","article-title":"BET bromodomain-targeting compounds reactivate HIV from latency via a Tat-independent mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Boehm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16646","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16816-1","article-title":"BET inhibitors RVX-208 and PFI-1 reactivate HIV-1 from latency","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33590","article-title":"A phase 1 study of the pan-bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitor mivebresib (ABBV-075) alone or in combination with venetoclax in patients with relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Borthakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00233-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00233-19","article-title":"Specific activation in vivo of HIV-1 by a bromodomain inhibitor from monocytic cells in humanized mice under antiretroviral therapy","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02056-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02056-17","article-title":"A new quinoline BRD4 inhibitor targets a distinct latent HIV-1 reservoir for reactivation from other \u201cshock\u201d drugs","volume":"92","author":"Abner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01035","article-title":"A novel bromodomain inhibitor reverses HIV-1 latency through specific binding with BRD4 to promote Tat and P-TEFb association","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01880-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01880-19","article-title":"Epigenetic suppression of HIV in myeloid cells by the BRD4-selective small molecule modulator ZL0580","volume":"94","author":"Alamer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686035","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.686035","article-title":"CPI-637 as a potential bifunctional latency-reversing agent that targets both the BRD4 and TIP60 proteins","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c01487","article-title":"Targeting bromodomain and extraterminal proteins for drug discovery: From current progress to technological development","volume":"64","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.7b00389","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and biological activity of 1,2,3-triazolobenzodiazepine BET bromodomain inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Sharp","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00613","article-title":"Structure-based design of \u03b3-carboline analogues as potent and specific BET bromodomain inhibitors","volume":"58","author":"Ran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42426","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42426","article-title":"TRIM28 promotes HIV-1 latency by SUMOylating CDK9 and inhibiting P-TEFb","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.10.033","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids potently induce latent HIV-1 in T-cells by activating P-TEFb and multiple histone modifications","volume":"474","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.08.042","article-title":"PR-957, a selective immunoproteasome inhibitor, reactivates latent HIV-1 through P-TEFb activation mediated by HSF-1","volume":"156","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"5173205","article-title":"HMBA enhances prostratin-induced activation of latent HIV-1 via suppressing the expression of negative feedback regulator A20\/TNFAIP3 in NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"2016","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40760-x","article-title":"Hexamethylene bisacetamide impairs NK cell-mediated clearance of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HIV-1-infected T cells that exit viral latency","volume":"9","author":"Giuliani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10728-w","article-title":"A chalcone derivative reactivates latent HIV-1 transcription through activating P-TEFb and promoting Tat-SEC interaction on viral promoter","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba1941","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1941","article-title":"Inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) facilitates the elimination of HIV-1 viral reservoirs in CD4+ T cells ex vivo","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Huang, Y., Deng, M., Liu, T., Lai, W., and Ye, X. (2013). Polo-like kinase 1 inhibits the activity of positive transcription elongation factor of RNA pol II b (P-TEFb). PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072289"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21942-5","article-title":"BI-2536 and BI-6727, dual Polo-like kinase\/bromodomain inhibitors, effectively reactivate latent HIV-1","volume":"8","author":"Gohda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02634-y","article-title":"The CCR5-antagonist Maraviroc reverses HIV-1 latency in vitro alone or in combination with the PKC-agonist Bryostatin-1","volume":"7","author":"Coiras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114231","article-title":"Maraviroc reactivates HIV with potency similar to that of other latency reversing drugs without inducing toxicity in CD8 T cells","volume":"182","author":"Vivancos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79002-w","article-title":"Prolonged administration of maraviroc reactivates latent HIV in vivo but it does not prevent antiretroviral-free viral rebound","volume":"10","author":"Plana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01931-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01931-17","article-title":"Maraviroc is associated with latent HIV-1 reactivation through NF-\u03baB activation in resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-Infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"92","author":"Sastre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobardt, M., Kuo, J., Chatterji, U., Chanda, S., Little, S.J., Wiedemann, N., Vuagniaux, G., and Gallay, P.A. (2019). The inhibitor apoptosis protein antagonist Debio 1143 is an attractive HIV-1 latency reversal candidate. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211746"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI157281","article-title":"Combined noncanonical NF-\u03baB agonism and targeted BET bromodomain inhibition reverse HIV latency ex vivo","volume":"132","author":"Falcinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49305","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201949305","article-title":"PEBP1 suppresses HIV transcription and induces latency by inactivating MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02328-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02328-19","article-title":"Thiostrepton reactivates latent HIV-1 through the P-TEFb and NF-\u03baB pathways mediated by heat shock response","volume":"64","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wu, J., Chavez, L., Hoh, R., Deeks, S.G., Pillai, S.K., and Zhou, Q. (2019). Reiterative enrichment and authentication of CRISPRi targets (REACT) identifies the proteasome as a key contributor to HIV-1 latency. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007498"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26177","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.743906","article-title":"Heat shock protein 90 facilitates latent hiv reactivation through maintaining the function of positive transcriptional elongation factor b (P-TEFb) under proteasome Inhibition","volume":"291","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-120","article-title":"Proteasome inhibitors act as bifunctional antagonists of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 latency and replication","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107579","article-title":"The proteasome as a druggable target with multiple therapeutic potentialities: Cutting and non-cutting edges","volume":"213","author":"Tundo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15763","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916290117","article-title":"HSF1 inhibition attenuates HIV-1 latency reversal mediated by several candidate LRAs in vitro and ex vivo","volume":"117","author":"Timmons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01112","article-title":"The use of toll-like receptor agonists in HIV-1 cure strategies","volume":"11","author":"Martinsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02450","article-title":"Targeting cellular and tissue HIV reservoirs with toll-like receptor agonists","volume":"10","author":"Macedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100037","article-title":"Pharmacological activation of non-canonical NF-\u03baB signalling activates latent HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo","volume":"1","author":"Pache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103159","article-title":"NF-\u03baB sub-pathways and HIV cure: A revisit","volume":"63","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00216","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptor ligands as an emerging therapeutic agent for latent HIV-1 infection","volume":"10","author":"Takahama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.2888","article-title":"TLR7\/8 triggering exerts opposing effects in acute versus latent HIV infection","volume":"176","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-016-0316-3","article-title":"TLR7\/8 agonist induces a post-entry SAMHD1-independent block to HIV-1 infection of monocytes","volume":"13","author":"Hofmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02166-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02166-16","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 induces HIV expression and HIV-specific immunity in cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"91","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02084-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02084-16","article-title":"Promising role of toll-like receptor 8 agonist in concert with prostratin for activation of silent HIV","volume":"91","author":"Rochat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0081621","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00816-21","article-title":"TLR1\/2 agonist enhances reversal of HIV-1 latency and promotes NK cell-induced suppression of HIV-1-infected autologous CD4+ T cells","volume":"95","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-017-0335-8","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 activation selectively reverses HIV latency in microglial cells","volume":"14","author":"Milne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101478","article-title":"Shocking HIV-1 with immunomodulatory latency reversing agents","volume":"51","author":"Rodari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21083","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.195537","article-title":"High-throughput screening uncovers a compound that activates latent HIV-1 and acts cooperatively with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor","volume":"286","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17279","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA01216D","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of AV6 derivatives as novel dual reactivators of latent HIV-1","volume":"8","author":"Ao","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5148","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00462","article-title":"Identification of 5-substituted 2-acylaminothiazoles that activate Tat-mediated transcription in HIV-1 latency models","volume":"62","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1039\/C7MD00327G","article-title":"Structure-optimized dihydropyranoindole derivative GIBH-LRA002 potentially reactivated viral latency in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes of chronic HIV-1 patients","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95ra74","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002530","article-title":"Curaxins: Anticancer compound that simultaneously suppress NF-\u03baB and activate p53 by targeting FACT","volume":"3","author":"Gasparian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25487","article-title":"Curaxin CBL0137 has the potential to reverse HIV-1 latency","volume":"91","author":"Jean","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graci, J.D., Michaels, D., Chen, G., Schiralli Lester, G.M., Nodder, S., Weetall, M., Karp, G.M., Gu, Z., Colacino, J.M., and Henderson, A.J. (2017). Identification of benzazole compounds that induce HIV-1 transcription. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179100"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2020.01.005","article-title":"Nicotinamide activates latent HIV-1 ex vivo in ART suppressed individuals, revealing higher potency than the association of two methyltransferase inhibitors, chaetocin and BIX01294","volume":"24","author":"Samer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b00418","article-title":"Resveratrol reactivates latent HIV through increasing histone acetylation and activating heat shock factor 1","volume":"65","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114901","article-title":"A synthetic resveratrol analog termed Q205 reactivates latent HIV-1 through activation of P-TEFb","volume":"197","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covino, D.A., Desimio, M.G., and Doria, M. (2021). Combinations of histone deacetylase inhibitors with distinct latency reversing agents variably affect HIV reactivation and susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing of T cells that exit viral latency. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136654"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07814-4","article-title":"Combinations of isoform-targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors and bryostatin analogues display remarkable potency to activate latent HIV without global T-cell activation","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.8b00012","article-title":"Elimination of HIV-1 latently infected cells by gnidimacrin and a selective HDAC inhibitor","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curreli, F., Ahmed, S., Benedict Victor, S.M., and Debnath, A.K. (2020). Identification of combinations of protein kinase C activators and histone deacetylase inhibitors that potently reactivate latent HIV. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060609"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba6617","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba6617","article-title":"Gliotoxin, identified from a screen of fungal metabolites, disrupts 7SK snRNP, releases P-TEFb, and reverses HIV-1 latency","volume":"6","author":"Stoszko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moranguinho, I., and Valente, S.T. (2020). Block-and-lock: New horizons for a cure for HIV-1. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121443"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vansant, G., Bruggemans, A., Janssens, J., and Debyser, Z. (2020). block-and-lock strategies to cure HIV infection. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010084"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2015.31","article-title":"Novel RNA duplex locks HIV-1 in a latent state via chromatin-mediated transcriptional silencing","volume":"4","author":"Ahlenstiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucl. Acids."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708806","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.708806","article-title":"Antibody conjugates for targeted therapy against HIV-1 as an emerging tool for HIV-1 cure","volume":"12","author":"Umotoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.08.013","article-title":"Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies levosimendan as a novel anti-HIV-1 agent that inhibits viral transcription","volume":"146","author":"Hayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa681","article-title":"The block-and-lock strategy for human immunodeficiency virus cure: Lessons learned from didehydro\u2013Cortistatin A","volume":"223","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/1\/3\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:25Z","timestamp":1760147065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/1\/3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28010003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28010003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]}}}