{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:22:13Z","timestamp":1780413733172,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health Poland","award":["SUBZ.A130.22.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A130.22.010"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health Poland","award":["SUBZ.D110.22.019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D110.22.019"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health Poland","award":["DS 27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 27"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["SUBZ.A130.22.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A130.22.010"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["SUBZ.D110.22.019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D110.22.019"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["DS 27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 27"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the melanogenesis pathway. Melanin, the product of this process, is the main pigment of the human skin and a major protection factor against harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Increased melanin synthesis due to tyrosinase hyperactivity can cause hyperpigmentation disorders, which in consequence causes freckles, age spots, melasma, or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Tyrosinase overproduction and hyperactivity are triggered by the ageing processes and skin inflammation as a result of oxidative stress. Therefore, the control of tyrosinase activity is the main goal of the prevention and treatment of pigmentation disorders. Natural products, especially propolis, according to their phytochemical profile abundant in polyphenols, is a very rich resource of new potential tyrosinase inhibitors. Therefore, this study focused on the assessment of the tyrosinase inhibitory potential of six extracts obtained from the European propolis samples of various origins. The results showed the potent inhibitory activity of all tested propolis extracts towards commercially available mushroom tyrosinase. The four most active propolis extracts showed inhibitory activity in the range of 86.66\u201393.25%. Apart from the evaluation of the tyrosinase inhibition, the performed research included UHPLC\u2013DAD\u2013MS\/MS (ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry) phytochemical profiling as well as antioxidant activity assessment using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2\u201d-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfuric acid (ABTS) radical scavenging tests. Moreover, statistical analysis was used to correlate the tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of propolis extracts with their phytochemical composition. To summarise, the results of our research showed that tested propolis extracts could be used for skin cosmeceutical and medical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T02:31:11Z","timestamp":1671676271000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Extracts from European Propolises as Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Widelski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chod\u017aki 1 (Collegium Universum), 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gawe\u0142-B\u0119ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzesz\u00f3w, 2 Sucharskiego, 35-225 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Czech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzesz\u00f3w, 2 Sucharskiego, 35-225 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3549-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Paluch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Tytusa Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 4, 50-376 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Bortkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Tytusa Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 4, 50-376 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8425-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomiia","family":"Kozachok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5267-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Mroczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Oki\u0144czyc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Propolis: Chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity","volume":"26","author":"Bogdanov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prenylated flavonoids as antioxidant and melanin inhibitors from stingless bee (wallacetrigona incisa) propolis","volume":"15","author":"Arung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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