{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:14:37Z","timestamp":1791497677151,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["2019\/03\/X\/NZ9\/01800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/03\/X\/NZ9\/01800"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology","award":["2019\/03\/X\/NZ9\/01800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/03\/X\/NZ9\/01800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis is one of the bee products, with multiple biological properties used in numerous applications. The research objective was to determine the chemical composition and biological properties (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activity) of propolis extracts collected from various regions of Poland. The results indicated that the total content of phenols (116.16\u2013219.41 mg GAE\/g EEP) and flavonoids (29.63\u2013106.07 mg QE\/g EEP) in propolis extracts depended on their geographic origin. The high content of epicatechin, catechin, pinobanksin, myricetin, and acids: vanillic and syringic in propolis samples was confirmed by chromatographic analysis. Moreover, the presence of caffeic acid phenethyl ester was confirmed in all samples. The origin of propolis also influenced the biological properties of its extracts. The propolis extracts were characterized by moderate DPPH free radical scavenging activity (29.22\u201335.14%), and relatively low ferrous iron chelating activity (9.33\u201332.32%). The results indicated also that the propolis extracts showed high activity in the protection of human red blood cells against free radicals generated from 2,2\u2019-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The extracts exhibited diversified activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria and limited activity against fungal strains. The research of selected propolis extracts showed that only 2 of 5 examined samples showed moderate activity against HPV (human papillomaviruses) and the activity depended on its geographical distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T02:53:11Z","timestamp":1672109591000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Propolis from Various Regions of Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1863-5122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0120-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60627 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4425-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucyna","family":"Mr\u00f3wczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 6, 61614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Broniarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 6, 61614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wa\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3026-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popova, M., Giannopoulou, E., Skalicka-W\u00f3zniak, K., Graikou, K., Widelski, J., Bankova, V., Kalofonos, H., Sivolapenko, G., Gawe\u0142-B\u0229ben, K., and Antosiewicz, B. (2017). Characterization and biological evaluation of propolis from Poland. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071159"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieczorek, P.P., Hudz, N., Yezerska, O., Hor\u010dinov\u00e1-Sedl\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, V., Shanaida, M., Korytniuk, O., and Jasicka-Misiak, I. (2022). Chemical Variability and Pharmacological Potential of Propolis as a Source for the Development of New Pharmaceutical Products. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051600"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okinczyc, P., Szumny, A., Szperlik, J., Kulma, A., Franiczek, R., Zbikowska, B., Krzyzanowska, B., and Sroka, Z. (2018). Profile of polyphenolic and essential oil composition of polish propolis, black poplar and aspens buds. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061262"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurek-G\u00f3recka, A., Keskin, \u015e., Bobis, O., Felitti, R., G\u00f3recki, M., Otr\u0119ba, M., Stojko, J., Olczyk, P., Kolayli, S., and Rzepecka-Stojko, A. (2022). Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Samples from Different Geographical Regions. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091203"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00651-2","article-title":"Propolis: An update on its chemistry and pharmacological applications","volume":"17","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galeotti, F., Maccari, F., Fachini, A., and Volpi, N. (2018). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of propolis prepared in different forms and in different solvents useful for finished products. Foods, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7030041"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, H.F., Campos, J.F., dos Santos, C.M., Balestieri, J.B.P., Silva, D.B., Carollo, C.A., and Souza, K. (2017). de P.; Estevinho, L.M.; dos Santos, E.L. Chemical profile and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and antimicrobial activities of geopropolis from the stingless bee Melipona orbignyi. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18050953"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-8-28","article-title":"Propolis volatile compounds: Chemical diversity and biological activity: A review","volume":"8","author":"Bankova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27854","DOI":"10.3390\/s151127854","article-title":"Determination of the mineral composition and toxic element contents of propolis by near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"15","author":"Escuredo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"77","article-title":"Updates in the Analytical Isolation of Indian Propolis Chemical Constituents and Their Role in Dental Pharmacology\u2014A Review","volume":"11","author":"Godhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dezmirean, D.S., Pa\u015fca, C., Moise, A.R., and Bobi\u015f, O. (2020). Plant Sources Responsible for the Chemical Composition and Main Bioactive Properties of Poplar-Type Propolis. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010022"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2011.08.007","article-title":"Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents","volume":"23","author":"Daglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"78","article-title":"Structure and antioxidant activity of polyphenols derived from propolis","volume":"19","author":"Stojko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.621276","article-title":"Linking Plant Secondary Metabolites and Plant Microbiomes: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84717-5","article-title":"Chemical characterization of Saudi propolis and its antiparasitic and anticancer properties","volume":"11","author":"Alanazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.07.032","article-title":"Rapid GC\/MS determination of botanical precursors of Eurasian propolis","volume":"142","author":"Isidorov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1352","article-title":"1H-NMR simultaneous identification of health-relevant compounds in propolis extracts","volume":"23","author":"Bertelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.08.011","article-title":"HPLC, NMR based chemical profiling and biological characterisation of Indian propolis","volume":"122","author":"Kasote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02054-w","article-title":"Recent progresses in the pharmacological activities of caffeic acid phenethyl ester","volume":"394","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535172","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep180","article-title":"Ethanolic extract of propolis augments TRAIL-induced apoptotic death in prostate cancer cells","volume":"2011","author":"Krol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1189","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a promising component of propolis with a plethora of biological activities: A review on its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects","volume":"65","author":"Tolba","year":"2013","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1021\/jf205179d","article-title":"Chemical and functional characterization of Italian propolis obtained by different harvesting methods","volume":"60","author":"Papotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Os\u00e9s, S.M., Marcos, P., Azofra, P., de Pablo, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Mu\u00ed\u00f1o, M.\u00c1., and Sancho, M.T. (2020). Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacities and Enzymatic Inhibitory Activities of Propolis from Different Geographical Areas: Needs for Analytical Harmonization. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010075"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.949705","article-title":"Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from various regions of Poland","volume":"29","author":"Socha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757628","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/757628","article-title":"Ethanolic extract of polish propolis: Chemical composition and TRAIL-R2 death receptor targeting apoptotic activity against prostate cancer cells","volume":"2013","author":"Szliszka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, M., Mr\u00f3wczy\u0144ska, L., Kwa\u015bniewska-Sip, P., Wa\u015bkiewicz, A., Nowak, P., and Ratajczak, I. (2020). Effect of the solvent on propolis phenolic profile and its antifungal, antioxidant, and in vitro cytoprotective activity in human erythrocytes under oxidative stress. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184266"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2478\/v10039-012-0042-6","article-title":"Ethanolic extract of propolis, chrysin, CAPE inhibit human astroglia cells","volume":"57","author":"Car","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pobiega, K., Kra\u015bniewska, K., Przyby\u0142, J.L., B\u0105czek, K., \u017bubernik, J., Witrowa-Rajchert, D., and Gniewosz, M. (2019). Growth biocontrol of foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms of food by Polish propolis extracts. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162965"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/31792","article-title":"The Ethanol Extract of Polish Propolis Exhibits Anti-Proliferative and\/or Pro-Apoptotic Effect on HCT 116 Colon Cancer and Me45 Malignant Melanoma Cells In Vitro Conditions","volume":"24","author":"Kubina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127060","article-title":"Antifungal activity of Brazilian red propolis extract and isolation of bioactive fractions by thin-layer chromatography-bioautography","volume":"327","author":"Dudoit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przyby\u0142ek, I., and Karpi\u0144ski, T.M. (2019). Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112047"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2017.10.002","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of propolins from Taiwanese green propolis","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.06.050","article-title":"The use of Brazilian propolis for discovery and development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"153","author":"Franchin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belmehdi, O., El Menyiy, N., Bouyahya, A., El Baaboua, A., El Omari, N., Gallo, M., Montesano, D., Naviglio, D., Zengin, G., and Skali Senhaji, N. (2022). Recent Advances in the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Propolis. Food Rev. Int., 1\u201351.","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2022.2089164"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21866","article-title":"The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of propolis: An update and future perspectives for respiratory diseases","volume":"42","author":"Magnavacca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yosri, N., El-Wahed, A.A.A., Ghonaim, R., Khattab, O.M., Sabry, A., Ibrahim, M.A.A., Moustafa, M.F., Guo, Z., Zou, X., and Algethami, A.F.M. (2021). Anti-Viral and Immunomodulatory Properties of Propolis: Chemical Diversity, Pharmacological Properties, Preclinical and Clinical Applications, and In Silico Potential against SARS-CoV-2. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081776"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114939","article-title":"Effect of honey and propolis, compared to acyclovir, against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-induced lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"287","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2019.04.001","article-title":"Chemical characterization, antioxidant and anti-HIV activities of a Brazilian propolis from Cear\u00e1 state","volume":"29","author":"Salatino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"715","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and total phenolic content of different extracts of propolis from the west pomeranian region in Poland","volume":"74","author":"Wezgowiec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm.-Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731940","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/731940","article-title":"Polyphenols isolated from propolis augment TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells","volume":"2013","author":"Szliszka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2019.02.002","article-title":"The role of seasonality on the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Polish propolis in human erythrocytes","volume":"29","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of propolis extracts from Poland","volume":"14","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681891","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/681891","article-title":"The antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of Polish propolis on mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli isolated from saliva","volume":"2013","author":"Dziedzic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.03.052","article-title":"do S.; Boligon, A.A.; Matias, E.F.F.; de Queiroz Balbino, V.; Menezes, I.R.A.; Melo Coutinho, H.D. Seasonal variation of Brazilian red propolis: Antibacterial activity, synergistic effect and phytochemical screening","volume":"107","author":"Tintino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wezgowiec, J., Wieczy\u0144ska, A., Wieckiewicz, W., Kulbacka, J., Saczko, J., Pachura, N., Wieckiewicz, M., and Gancarz, R. (2020). Polish propolis\u2014Chemical composition and biological effects in tongue cancer cells and macrophages. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102426"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL-Ani, I., Zimmermann, S., Reichling, J., and Wink, M. (2018). Antimicrobial activities of European propolis collected from various geographic origins alone and in combination with antibiotics. Medicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5010002"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1043-y","article-title":"Relationship between total phenolic contents and biological properties of propolis from 20 different regions in South Korea","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touzani, S., Imtara, H., Katekhaye, S., Mechchate, H., Ouassou, H., Alqahtani, A.S., Noman, O.M., Nasr, F.A., Fearnley, H., and Fearnley, J. (2021). Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Various Propolis Samples Collected from an African and an Asian Region and Their Impact on Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154589"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612014000100002","article-title":"Phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of propolis (Apis mellifera L.) from Algarve, South Portugal","volume":"34","author":"Miguel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2439","article-title":"Chemical and functional characterisation of propolis collected from East Andalusia (Southern Spain)","volume":"24","author":"Kumazawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.097","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity, phenolic profile and role in the inflammation of propolis","volume":"50","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.03.045","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and constituents of propolis collected in various areas of China","volume":"101","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00216-4","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins","volume":"84","author":"Kumazawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kis, B., Avram, S., Pavel, I.Z., Lombrea, A., Buda, V., Dehelean, C.A., Soica, C., Yerer, M.B., Bojin, F., and Folescu, R. (2020). Recent Advances Regarding the Phytochemical and Therapeutic Uses of Populus nigra L. Buds. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9111464"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-016-0708-9","article-title":"Selective Behaviour of Honeybees in Acquiring European Propolis Plant Precursors","volume":"42","author":"Isidorov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanciauskaite, M., Marksa, M., Liaudanskas, M., Ivanauskas, L., Ivaskiene, M., and Ramanauskiene, K. (2021). Extracts of Poplar Buds (Populus balsamifera L., Populus nigra L.) and Lithuanian Propolis: Comparison of Their Composition and Biological Activities. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10050828"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.08.066","article-title":"Evaluation of bioactive compounds potential and antioxidant activity of brown, green and red propolis from Brazilian northeast region","volume":"101","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.02.060","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of propolis extracts from Greece and Cyprus","volume":"116","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.015","article-title":"Chemical composition of the ethanolic propolis extracts and its effect on HeLa cells","volume":"135","author":"Debeljak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.03.024","article-title":"HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS\/MS methods for metabolite profiling of propolis extracts","volume":"55","author":"Pellati","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1010","article-title":"Selective analysis of phenolic compounds in propolis by HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"19","author":"Medana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2006.04.017","article-title":"Analysis of flavonoids from propolis by on-line HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry","volume":"42","author":"Volpi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3542","article-title":"Chemical variability in propolis from Santiago del Estero, Argentina, related to the arboreal environment as the sources of resins","volume":"89","author":"Chaillou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonamigo, T., Campos, J.F., Oliveira, A.S., Torquato, H.F.V., Balestieri, J.B.P., Cardoso, C.A.L., Paredes-Gamero, E.J., and Souza, K. (2017). de P.; Dos Santos, E.L. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of propolis of Plebeia droryana and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado biome. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183983"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595393","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/595393","article-title":"Effect of ethanol\/water solvents on phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of Beijing propolis extracts","volume":"2015","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.053","article-title":"Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of propolis from Erzurum, Turkey","volume":"48","author":"Bursal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20297","article-title":"Platelet-activating factor interaction with the human erythrocyte membrane","volume":"23","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2004.05.037","article-title":"Microbiological and calorimetric investigations on the antimicrobial actions of different propolis extracts: An in vitro approach","volume":"422","author":"Garedew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-007-9430-7","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and phytochemical evidence for the plant origin of Turkish propolis from different regions","volume":"23","author":"Silici","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.03.009","article-title":"Urban propolis from San Juan province (Argentina): Ethnopharmacological uses and antifungal activity against Candida and dermatophytes","volume":"57","author":"Svetaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9623","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18089623","article-title":"Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates to Propolis Extract Alone or in Combination with Antimicrobial Drugs","volume":"18","author":"Wojtyczka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Seedi, H., Kosti\u00b4ckosti\u00b4c, A.\u017d., Luo, L., Wang, K., Tasmia Asma, S., Bobi\u00b8sbobi\u00b8s, O., Victori\u00b8ta Bonta, V., Acaroz, U., Rizwan, S., and Shah, A. (2022). General Nutritional Profile of Bee Products and Their Potential Antiviral Properties against Mammalian Viruses. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173579"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez, N., Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez, C.R., Pozo-Molina, G., M\u00e9ndez-Catal\u00e1, C.F., Reyes-Reali, J., Mendoza-Ramos, M.I., M\u00e9ndez-Cruz, A.R., and Nieto-Ya\u00f1ez, O. (2021). Effects of Propolis on Infectious Diseases of Medical Relevance. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050428"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidatioon substrates and antioxidant substrates and antioxidants by means oof Folin-Ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"445","article-title":"Generation of HPV pseudovirions using transfection and their use in neutralization assays","volume":"119","author":"Buck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.05.005","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection requires the TSG101 component of the ESCRT machinery","volume":"460","author":"Broniarczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01943-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01943-20","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Infection Requires the CCT Chaperonin Complex","volume":"95","author":"Massimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/1\/141\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:50:00Z","timestamp":1760147400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/1\/141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28010141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28010141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]}}}