{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:26Z","timestamp":1787029106828,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science &amp; Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Supercritical CO2 extraction (SCCO2) extraction of cannabis oil from Indian cannabis (Cannabis indica) leaves was optimized through a central composite design using CO2 pressure (150\u2013250 bar), temperature (30\u201350 \u00b0C) and time (1\u20132 h). From the regression model, the optimal CO2 pressure, extraction temperature and time were 250 bar, 43 \u00b0C and 1.7 h, respectively resulting in the experimental yield of 4.9 wt% of cannabis oil via SCCO2 extraction. The extract contained cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol and \u03948-tetrahydrocannabinol as well as two terpenoids such as cis-caryophyllene and \u03b1-humulene. Besides SCCO2 extraction of cannabis oil, the raffinate biomass was utilized to extract polyphenols using water as the extraction medium. Cannabis oil and water extractive were investigated for their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, which were found to be 1.3 and 0.6 mg\/mL, respectively. This is comparable to the commercially available antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene with an IC50 value of 0.5 mg\/mL. This work on SCCO2 extraction of cannabinoids and other valuable bioactive compounds provides an environmentally sustainable technique to valorize cannabis leaves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:03:31Z","timestamp":1672110211000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Valorization of Wild-Type Cannabis\u00a0indica by Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Insights into the Utilization of Raffinate Biomass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4460-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falguni","family":"Pattnaik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Hans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3240-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswa R.","family":"Patra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6047-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonil","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satya Narayan","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay K.","family":"Dalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Rosado, T., Soares, S., Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Caramelo, D., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Barroso, M., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A.P. 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