{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:26Z","timestamp":1787029106717,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The abundant synthesis and accretion of melanin inside skin can be caused by activation of melanogenic enzymes or increase in number of melanocytes. Melasma is defined as hyperpigmented bright or dark brown spots which are symmetrically distributed and have serrated and irregular borders. The three general categories of pigmentation pattern include centro facial pattern, malar pattern, and mandibular pattern. Exposure to UV rays, heat, use of cosmetics and photosensitizing drugs, female sex hormonal therapies, aberrant production of melanocyte stimulating hormone, and increasing aesthetic demands are factors which cause the development of melasma disease. This review gives a brief overview regarding the Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification system, life cycle of melanin, mechanism of action of anti-hyperpigmenting drugs, and existing pharmacotherapy strategies for the treatment of melasma. The objectives of this review are focused on role of cutting-edge nanotechnology-based strategies, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, i.e., lipid nanoparticles, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, transfersomes, aspasomes, invasomes penetration-enhancing vesicles; inorganic nanocarriers, i.e., gold nanoparticles and fullerenes; and polymer-based nanocarriers i.e., polymeric nanoparticles, polymerosomes, and polymeric micelles for the management of hyperpigmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T03:03:31Z","timestamp":1672110211000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Decrypting the Potential of Nanotechnology-Based Approaches as Cutting-Edge for Management of Hyperpigmentation Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sukhbir","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapan","family":"Behl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences &Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Antil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"},{"name":"Janta College of Pharmacy, Butana, Sonipat 131302, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeet","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Khalid","family":"Anwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syam","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences &Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"},{"name":"Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai 602117, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3236-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona Gabriela","family":"Bungau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962009000600008","article-title":"Physiopathology of Melasma","volume":"84","author":"Miot","year":"2009","journal-title":"An. 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