{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:09:34Z","timestamp":1792292974595,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 596 million infections and 6 million fatalities globally. Looking for urgent medication for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation is obligatory. Plant extracts and green synthesized nanoparticles have numerous biological activities, including antiviral activity. HPLC analysis of C. dirnum L. leaf extract showed that catechin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and syringic acid were the most major compounds, with concentrations of 1425.16, 1004.68, 207.46, and 158.95 \u00b5g\/g, respectively. Zinc nanoparticles were biosynthesized using zinc acetate and C. dirnum extract. TEM analysis revealed that the particle size of ZnO-NPs varied between 3.406 and 4.857 nm. An XRD study showed the existence of hexagonal crystals of ZnO-NPs with an average size of 12.11 nm. Both ZnO-NPs (IC50 = 7.01 and CC50 = 145.77) and C. dirnum L. extract (IC50 = 61.15 and CC50 = 145.87 \u00b5g\/mL) showed antiviral activity against HCOV-229E, but their combination (IC50 = 2.41 and CC50 = 179.23) showed higher activity than both. Molecular docking was used to investigate the affinity of some metabolites against the HCOV-229E main protease. Chlorogenic acid, solanidine, and catchin showed high affinity (\u22127.13, \u22126.95, and \u22126.52), compared to the ligand MDP (\u22125.66 Kcal\/mol). Cestrum dinurum extract and ZnO-NPs combination should be subjected to further studies to be used as an antiviral drug.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:54:42Z","timestamp":1672282482000},"page":"266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Based on Cestrum diurnum L. of Potential Antiviral Activity against Human Corona 229-E Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim N.","family":"Alrabayah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seham S.","family":"Elhawary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab A.","family":"Kandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam M. Abd","family":"El-Kadder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trees Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine S.","family":"Moemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5153-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman M.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"El Raey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5575","article-title":"An overview on Coronaviruses family from past to COVID-19: Introduce some inhibitors as antiviruses from Gillan\u2019s plants","volume":"3","author":"Monajjemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. 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