{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:30:35Z","timestamp":1789050635090,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovak Grant Agency","award":["2\/0136\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2\/0136\/20"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Grant Agency","award":["2\/0166\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2\/0166\/20"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Grant Agency","award":["APVV-15-0308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-15-0308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiome (GM) of rheumatic arthritis (RA) patients is often altered in composition and function. Moreover, methotrexate (MTX), one of the most frequently used disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, is known to negatively affect GM composition. The modulation of immune system activity is one of the therapeutic benefits of probiotics. The aim of the current investigation was to determine the impact of MTX therapy combined with one of the Lactobacillus strains, Lactoplantibacillus plantarum LS\/07 (LB), on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats. Methods focused on biometric and inflammatory parameters in AA, particularly on plasmatic levels of IL-17A, MMP-9, and MCP-1, and the activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the spleen and joints were applied. Enhancing the effect of MTX, LB positively influenced all biometric and inflammatory parameters. The findings of the present study may be of help in proposing novel therapeutic strategies for RA patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:18:18Z","timestamp":1672370298000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the Combination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LS\/07 with Methotrexate Compared to Their Monotherapies Studied in Experimental Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Katar\u00edna","family":"Pru\u017einsk\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Mal\u00e1 Hora 4A, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Slov\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9287-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Dr\u00e1fi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvester","family":"Poni\u0161t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Jur\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Chrastina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, Mal\u00e1 Hora 4A, 03601 Martin, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"\u0160v\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladislav","family":"Strojn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik University, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u013dubo\u0161","family":"Ambro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik University, Jesenn\u00e1 5, 04001 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7863-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katar\u00edna","family":"Bauerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12765","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases","volume":"152","author":"Leite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05938.x","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: How well do the theories fit the evidence?","volume":"92","author":"McCulloch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/33.11.1030","article-title":"Intestinal flora in early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Eerola","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000008","article-title":"Microbiome and mucosal inflammation as extra-articular triggers for rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmunity","volume":"26","author":"Brusca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioia, C., Lucchino, B., Tarsitano, M.G., Iannuccelli, C., and Di Franco, M. (2020). Dietary Habits and Nutrition in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Can Diet Influence Disease Development and Clinical Manifestations?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051456"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.13","article-title":"Ecological robustness of the gut microbiota in response to ingestion of transient food-borne microbes","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.117","article-title":"Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Gareau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2013.10.002","article-title":"Probiotics, gut microbiota and health","volume":"44","author":"Butel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711788","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.711788","article-title":"Probiotic Supplementation for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Promising Adjuvant Therapy in the Gut Microbiome Era","volume":"12","author":"Ferro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishizaki, A., Bi, X., Nguyen, L., Matsuda, K., Pham, H., Phan, C., Khu, D., and Ichimura, H. (2017). Effects of Short-Term Probiotic Ingestion on Immune Profiles and Microbial Translocation among HIV-1-Infected Vietnamese Children. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102185"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3814-3","article-title":"The therapeutic effect of probiotics on rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"36","author":"Mohammed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-019-04547-5","article-title":"Probiotic strategies to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: A meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.03.002","article-title":"Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota","volume":"23","author":"Derrien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0173-3","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: From biology to the clinic","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0439-x","article-title":"The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics","volume":"25","author":"Suez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10471-2","article-title":"Impact of Immunosuppression on the Metagenomic Composition of the Intestinal Microbiome: A Systems Biology Approach to Post-Transplant Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Bhat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3507","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"307","author":"Hempel","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"505878","article-title":"The role of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and other related diseases: A systematic review of randomized human clinical trials","volume":"2015","author":"Gil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3914","article-title":"The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partly normalized after treatment","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0299-7","article-title":"An expansion of rare lineage intestinal microbes characterizes rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picchianti-Diamanti, A., Panebianco, C., Salemi, S., Sorgi, M., Di Rosa, R., Tropea, A., Sgrulletti, M., Salerno, G., Terracciano, F., and D\u2019Amelio, R. (2018). Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Disease-Related Dysbiosis and Modifications Induced by Etanercept. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102938"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0338-1","article-title":"Analysis of Fecal Lactobacillus Community Structure in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12333","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus casei supplementation on disease activity and inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Alipour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.09.007","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation improves inflammatory status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Alipour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740310003695","article-title":"Effects of probiotic therapy on the activity and activation of mild rheumatoid arthritis\u2014A pilot study","volume":"32","author":"Hatakka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12888","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Zamani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2013.09.007","article-title":"Partial depletion of natural gut flora by antibiotic aggravates collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice","volume":"66","author":"Szczepanik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30594","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30594","article-title":"Role of the Gut Microbiome in Modulating Arthritis Progression in Mice","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/206731","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus Suppresses Colitis-Associated Activation of the IL-23\/Th17 Axis","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2010_05_422","article-title":"The effect of probiotic microorganisms and bioactive compounds on chemically induced carcinogenesis in rats","volume":"57","author":"Chmelarova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.17221\/56\/2010-CJAS","article-title":"Effects of a probiotic in combination with prebiotics on intestinal lactobacilli and coliforms and activities of bacterial enzymes in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine exposed rats","volume":"56","author":"Bomba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201281020189","article-title":"The effect of new probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum on counts of coliforms, lactobacilli and bacterial enzyme activities in rats exposed to N,N-dimethylhydrazine (chemical carcinogen)","volume":"81","author":"Bomba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.17221\/7497-CJAS","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LS\/07 in combination with flaxseed oil on the microflora, enzymatic activity, and histological changes in the development of chemically induced precancerous growth in the rat colon","volume":"59","author":"Szabados","year":"2014","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"4969","article-title":"Preventive effects of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and dietary fiber in chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Bobrov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2719","article-title":"Anticancer and Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum LS\/07, Inulin and Melatonin in NMU-induced Rat Model of Breast Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Bobrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135142","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/135142","article-title":"The effects of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains on rat lipid metabolism receiving a high fat diet","volume":"2013","author":"Salaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"361","article-title":"Co-administration of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum LS\/07 CCM7766 with prebiotic inulin alleviates the intestinal inflammation in rats exposed to N,N-dimethylhydrazine","volume":"2","author":"Salaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.138","article-title":"Cytokine production in vitro and in rat model of colitis in response to Lactobacillus plantarum LS\/07","volume":"94","author":"Langerholc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1008","article-title":"Preventive use of Lactobacillus plantarum LS\/07 and inulin to relieve symptoms of acute colitis","volume":"62","author":"Salaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2478\/acve-2018-0005","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of Lactobacillus plantarum LS\/07 in acute colitis in rats","volume":"68","author":"Chmelarova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.85","article-title":"How the microbiota shapes rheumatic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Marzorati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-016-0277-0","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria: A viable adjuvant therapy for relieving symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101207","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Effects of Probiotic Administration in Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Lowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0719-1","article-title":"A single bacterium restores the microbiome dysbiosis to protect bones from destruction in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action","volume":"61","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9322-6","article-title":"Probiotics and the Gut Immune System: Indirect Regulation","volume":"10","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body","volume":"12","author":"Cristofori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00461","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways","volume":"5","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110001527","article-title":"Role of Toll-like receptors in the development of immunotolerance mediated by probiotics","volume":"69","author":"Gil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on Cytokine Profiles","volume":"2018","author":"Azad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Alookaran, J.J., and Rhoads, J.M. (2018). Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0397.v1"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"612","article-title":"Nutritional Keys for Intestinal Barrier Modulation","volume":"6","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2017). Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1109","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Smolen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.12.010","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei suppresses experimental arthritis by down-regulating T helper 1 effector functions","volume":"45","author":"So","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9457-7","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei reduces the Inflammatory Joint Damage Associated with Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) by Reducing the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Lactobacillus casei: COX-2 inhibitor","volume":"31","author":"Amdekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"kew374","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew374","article-title":"The evidence for microbiome manipulation in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Jethwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Ting, J.P., Al-Azzam, S., Ding, Y., and Afshar, S. (2021). Therapeutic Advances in Diabetes, Autoimmune, and Neurological Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062805"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0436-y","article-title":"The efficacy of probiotic supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"Rudbane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0034","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus Regulate Inflammatory Pathway and Improve Antioxidant Status in Collagen-Induced Arthritic Rats","volume":"33","author":"Amdekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Interferon. Cytokine. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02556A","article-title":"The prophylactic effects of different Lactobacilli on collagen-induced arthritis in rats","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-009-0045-2","article-title":"Treatment of adjuvant-induced arthritis with the combination of methotrexate and probiotic bacteria Escherichia coli O83 (Colinfant)","volume":"54","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"267","article-title":"The effects of Enterococcus faecium and selenium on methotrexate treatment in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Matha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070726","article-title":"Treatment with Anti-\u03b3-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Antibody Attenuates Osteolysis in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice","volume":"22","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone. Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2177-3","article-title":"Effect of methotrexate on inflammatory cells redistribution in experimental adjuvant arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Janega","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiklauri, L., \u0160v\u00edk, K., Chrastina, M., Poni\u0161t, S., Dr\u00e1fi, F., Slov\u00e1k, L., Alania, M., Kemertelidze, E., and Bauerova, K. (2021). Bioflavonoid Robinin from Astragalus falcatus Lam. Mildly Improves the Effect of Metothrexate in Rats with Adjuvant Arthritis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041268"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2009.11.006","article-title":"The resolution of inflammation and cancer","volume":"21","author":"Lawrence","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132612","article-title":"Immunological and Inflammatory Functions of the Interleukin-1 Family","volume":"27","author":"Dinarello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.07.006","article-title":"Recent advances in the IL-17 cytokine family","volume":"23","author":"Gaffen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.166","article-title":"Interleukin-1 function and role in rheumatic disease","volume":"12","author":"Schett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2176::AID-ART371>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Interleukin-17 enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced synthesis of interleukins 1,6, and 8 in skin and synovial fibroblasts: A possible role as a \u201cfine-tuning cytokine\u201d in inflammation processes","volume":"44","author":"Katz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2008.40.2.237","article-title":"IL-17 induces the production of IL-16 in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934328","article-title":"Study of anti-inflammatory activity of Fatsiphloginum\u2122 (Fatsia japonica) and a new purified triterpene-rich extract of saponins (PS-551) in experimental model of arthritis","volume":"68","author":"Tsiklauri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12085","article-title":"N-feruloylserotonin in preventive combination therapy with methotrexate reduced inflammation in adjuvant arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Kuncirova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slov\u00e1k, L., \u0160v\u00edk, K., Mihalov\u00e1, D., T\u00f3th, J., Czigle, S., Pa\u0161kov\u00e1, \u013d., Bilka, F., and Bauerov\u00e1, K. (2017). Ferulaldehyde Improves the Effect of Methotrexate in Experimental Arthritis. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111911"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115950","article-title":"Enhanced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"90","author":"Koch","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/ar149","article-title":"Synovial stromal cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients attract monocytes by producing MCP-1 and IL-8","volume":"3","author":"Hayashida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370802","article-title":"Using inhibitors of metalloproteinases to treat arthritis. Easier said than done?","volume":"37","author":"Vincenti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2263::AID-ART389>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Early joint erosions and serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 1, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"44","author":"Cunnane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2017014","article-title":"Evaluation of liposomal carnosine in adjuvant arthritis","volume":"36","author":"Fedorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarapatzi, G., Filidou, E., Kandilogiannakis, L., Spathakis, M., Gaitanidou, M., Arvanitidis, K., Drygiannakis, I., Valatas, V., Kotzampassi, K., and Manolopoulos, V.G. (2022). The Probiotic Strains Bifid\u03bfbacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii Regulate Wound Healing and Chemokine Responses in Human Intestinal Subepithelial Myofibroblasts. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15101293"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-022-01111-w","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum attenuates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by regulating the inflammatory response, T helper 17 immune response, and intestinal permeability","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2018.1434793","article-title":"Experimental Animal Models for Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Choudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2020.100228","article-title":"Modulation of Methotrexate Efficacy by Green Tea Polyphenols in Rat Adjuvant Arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Ponist","year":"2020","journal-title":"PharmaNutrition"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.67.3.1248","article-title":"The \u03b3-Glutamyl Cycle: A Possible Transport System for Amino Acids*","volume":"67","author":"Orlowski","year":"1970","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"225","article-title":"Evaluation of ischemia-reperfusion injury by malondialdehyde, glutathione and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: Lack of specific local effects in diverse parts of the dog heart following acute coronary occlusion","volume":"4","author":"Ondrejickova","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cardioscience"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/1\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:14Z","timestamp":1760147774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/1\/297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28010297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28010297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]}}}