{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:09:40Z","timestamp":1787616580631,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) as emerging micropollutants have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their high detected concentration in water systems. It results in environmental issues partly due to the formation of toxic by-products during the disinfection process in water treatment. Consequently, various approaches have been investigated by researchers in order to achieve ICM total mineralization. This review discusses the different methods that have been used to degrade them, with special attention to the mineralization yield and to the nature of formed by-products. The problem of pollution by ICM is discussed in the first part dedicated to the presence of ICM in the environment and its consequences. In the second part, the processes for ICM treatment including biological treatment, advanced oxidation\/reductive processes, and coupled processes are reviewed in detail. The main results and mechanisms involved in each approach are described, and by-products identified during the different treatments are listed. Moreover, based on their efficiency and their cost-effectiveness, the prospects and process developments of ICM treatment are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1672628459000},"page":"341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Removal of Iodine-Containing X-ray Contrast Media from Environment: The Challenge of a Total Mineralization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France"},{"name":"CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fourcade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2622-2384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdeltif","family":"Amrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4914-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Geneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106674","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment in municipal wastewater treatment plants and rivers from Peru","volume":"155","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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