{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:47:57Z","timestamp":1784198877777,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["818903141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818903141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YF1423000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YF1423000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology Venus Cultivation (Sailing Project)","award":["818903141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818903141"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology Venus Cultivation (Sailing Project)","award":["22YF1423000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YF1423000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared with traditional oral and injection administration, the transdermal administration of traditional Chinese medicine has distinctive characteristics and advantages, which can avoid the \u201cfirst pass effect\u201d of the liver and the destruction of the gastrointestinal tract, maintain a stable blood concentration, and prolong drug action time. However, the basic theory and technology research in transdermal drug delivery are relatively limited at present, especially regarding research on new carriers of transdermal drug delivery and pharmacokinetic studies of the skin, which has become a bottleneck of transdermal drug delivery development. Triptolide is one of the main active components of Tripterygium wilfordii, which displays activities against mouse models of polycystic kidney disease and pancreatic cancer but its physical properties and severe toxicity limit its therapeutic potential. Due to the previously mentioned advantages of transdermal administration, in this study, we performed a detail analysis of the pharmacokinetics of a new transdermal triptolide delivery system. Triptolide nanoemulsion gels were prepared and served as new delivery systems, and the ex vivo characteristics were described. The metabolic characteristics of the different triptolide transdermal drug delivery formulations were investigated via skin\u2013blood synchronous microdialysis combined with LC\/MS. A multiscale modeling framework, molecular dynamics and finite element modeling were adopted to simulate the transport process of triptolide in the skin and to explore the pharmacokinetics and mathematical patterns. This study shows that the three\u2212layer model can be used for transdermal drug delivery system drug diffusion research. Therefore, it is profitable for transdermal drug delivery system design and the optimization of the dosage form. Based on the drug concentration of the in vivo microdialysis measurement technology, the diffusion coefficient of drugs in the skin can be more accurately measured, and the numerical results can be verified. Therefore, the microdialysis technique combined with mathematical modeling provides a very good platform for the further study of transdermal delivery systems. This research will provide a new technology and method for the study of the pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicine transdermal drug delivery. It has important theoretical and practical significance in clarifying the metabolic transformation of percutaneous drug absorption and screening for appropriate drugs and dosage forms of transdermal drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T03:19:54Z","timestamp":1672975194000},"page":"553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pharmacokinetic Study of Triptolide Nanocarrier in Transdermal Drug Delivery System\u2014Combination of Experiment and Mathematical Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxia","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201816666190118125427","article-title":"Advancement of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Combination Application with Physical Penetration Technique","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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