{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:19Z","timestamp":1760147059439,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term biodistribution of non-biodegradable microstructures or nanostructures used in vaccinations is widely unknown. This is the case for aluminum oxyhydroxide, the most widely used vaccine adjuvant, which is a nanocrystalline compound that spontaneously forms nanoprecipitates. Although generally well-tolerated, aluminum oxyhydroxide is detected in macrophages a long time after vaccination in individuals predisposed to the development of systemic and neurological aspects of the autoimmune (inflammatory) syndrome induced by modified adjuvant. In the present study, we established that the terminal sterilization of aluminum oxyhydroxide by autoclaving in final container vials produced measurable changes in its physicochemical properties. Moreover, we found that these changes included (1) a decreasing in the pH of aluminum oxyhydroxide solutions, (2) a reduction in the adsorption capacity of bovine serum albumin, (3) a shift in the angle of X-ray diffraction, (4) a reduction in the lattice spacing, causing the crystallization and biopersistence of modified aluminum oxyhydroxide in the macrophage, as well as in muscle and the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T05:57:14Z","timestamp":1673243834000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Autoclaving on the Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activity of Aluminum Oxyhydroxide Used as an Adjuvant in Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0360-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Skiba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIROUEN, DC2N INSERM U1239-Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, Normandy University, 22 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9925-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofiane","family":"Fatmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIROUEN, DC2N INSERM U1239-Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, Normandy University, 22 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Ecosystems and Aquaculture, Department of Biological Sciences & Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abderrahmane-Mira-University, Route de TarguaOuzemmour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Milon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIROUEN, DC2N INSERM U1239-Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, Normandy University, 22 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Bounoure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIROUEN, DC2N INSERM U1239-Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, Normandy University, 22 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malika","family":"Lahiani-Skiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIROUEN, DC2N INSERM U1239-Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, Normandy University, 22 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1821","article-title":"Macrophagicmyofasciitis lesions assess long-term persistence of vaccine-derived aluminiumoxyhydroxide in muscle","volume":"124","author":"Gherardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.5.974","article-title":"Central nervous system disease in patients with macrophagic myofasciitis","volume":"124","author":"Authier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8561(03)00095-X","article-title":"Aluminum inclusion macrophagic myofasciitis: A recently identified condition","volume":"23","author":"Gherardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. 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Eng."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/2\/584\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:01:27Z","timestamp":1760119287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/2\/584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28020584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28020584","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1420-3049"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]}}}