{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:02:20Z","timestamp":1788904940784,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219","award":["511\/3\/17.01.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["511\/3\/17.01.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabinoids, terpenophenolic chemicals found only in cannabis, are primarily responsible for cannabis pharmacologic effects; nearly 150 distinct cannabinoids have been identified thus far. Among these, the main psychoactive molecule, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the non-psychoactive counterpart, cannabidiol (CBD) are distinguishable. In the past decade, a CBD-containing pharmaceutical preparation was approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of drug-resistant epileptic seizures in children, and research trials for a variety of additional medical conditions for which CBD has been suggested as a therapy are being conducted. Additionally, the number of \u201cCBD-containing\u201d dietary supplements, largely available online, is increasing rapidly. Consequently, the necessity for the development of qualitative and quantitative methodologies for the analysis of the bioactive components of Cannabis is rising because of the increase in the production of therapeutic cannabis products. One of the analytical methods with good potential in cannabinoids analysis is capillary electrophoresis (CE). It has advantages related to high separation efficiency, relatively short analysis time, and the small consumption of analytes and reagents which generates relatively lower operational costs than other methods. This review focuses on the use of CE techniques to examine biological matrices and plant materials for the presence of cannabinoids and other bioactive compounds found in cannabis. The advantages, drawbacks, and applicability of the various electromigration approaches are also assessed. The article provides an overview of the \u201cstate of the art\u201d and the latest trends in CE-based methods for the determination of cannabinoids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T06:38:27Z","timestamp":1673246307000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis for the Determination of Cannabinoids in Different Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nicoleta Mirela","family":"Blebea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constan\u021ba, 900470 Constan\u021ba, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2564-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Hancu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 T\u00e2rgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7751-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Alexandru","family":"Vlad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 T\u00e2rgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Pricopie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Chemistry of Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 T\u00e2rgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.18-0208","article-title":"A brief background on cannabis: From plant to medical indications","volume":"102","author":"Klumpers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.09.004","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history","volume":"227","author":"Bonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.407","article-title":"Cannabis-from cultivar to chemovar","volume":"4","author":"Hazekamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00422","article-title":"An overview on medicinal chemistry of synthetic and natural derivatives of cannabidiol","volume":"8","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NP00074F","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids: A unified critical inventory","volume":"33","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-017-0101","article-title":"The evolving science of phytocannabinoids","volume":"2","author":"Reekie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.07.008","article-title":"Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the US: A review","volume":"104","author":"Carliner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"463","article-title":"Cannabidiol-therapeutic and legal aspects","volume":"75","author":"Vlad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Die Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12137","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00724","article-title":"The essential medicinal chemistry of cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"63","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"485","article-title":"Emerging use of Epidiolex (cannabidiol) in epilepsy","volume":"25","author":"Scutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.47","article-title":"THC and CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex\u00ae) in the management of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Vila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1387","article-title":"A review of human studies assessing cannabidiol\u2019s (CBD) therapeutic actions and potential","volume":"59","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13710","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids","volume":"84","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13250","article-title":"Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor","volume":"172","author":"Laprairie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000466","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"350","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1780","article-title":"Current status and prospects for cannabidiol preparations as new therapeutic agents","volume":"36","author":"Fasinu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"27","article-title":"Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in botanical material: A review of analytical methods and findings","volume":"25","author":"Presley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.753","article-title":"Methods for the analysis of cannabinoids in biological materials: A review","volume":"15","author":"Raharjo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64183-0.00004-X","article-title":"Cannabinoids: Extraction methods, analysis, and physicochemical characterization","volume":"61","author":"Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methods for quantification of cannabinoids: A narrative review","volume":"2","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cannabis Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461864","article-title":"Cannabis Sativa L.: A comprehensive review on the analytical methodologies for cannabinoids and terpenes characterization","volume":"1637","author":"Micalizzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.06.003","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis of cannabinoids: A critical review","volume":"147","author":"Citti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113633","article-title":"Emerging challenges in the extraction, analysis and bioanalysis of cannabidiol and related compounds","volume":"192","author":"Brighenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202000185","article-title":"Capillary electrophoretic methods for quality control analyses of pharmaceuticals: A review","volume":"42","author":"Foret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.01.010","article-title":"A critical overview of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Part I: Mobility and separation selectivity","volume":"1335","author":"Kenndler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.01.030","article-title":"A critical overview of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Part II: Separation efficiency and analysis time","volume":"1335","author":"Kenndler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)01348-6","article-title":"Determination of cannabinoids in hair using high-pH non-aqueous electrolytes and electrochemical detection: Some aspects of sensitivity and selectivity","volume":"942","author":"Backofen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2719","article-title":"Analysis of 11-nor-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid and its glucuronide in urine by capillary electrophoresis\/mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Iwamuro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7741","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY01595B","article-title":"A rapid capillary electrophoresis method with LED-induced native fluorescence detection for the analysis of cannabinoids in oral fluid","volume":"7","author":"Mazina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6253","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b00911","article-title":"In situ determination of illegal drugs in oral fluid by portable capillary electrophoresis with deep UV excited fluorescence detection","volume":"90","author":"Erme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaripov, E.A., Lee, T., Dou, Y., Harris, C.S., Egorov, A., and Berezovski, M.V. (2021). Single-run separation and quantification of 14 cannabinoids using capillary electrophoresis. Separations, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations8030030"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(95)01381-4","article-title":"Micellar electrokinetic chromatography perspectives in drug analysis","volume":"735","author":"Hiroyuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201200349","article-title":"Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: A review of methodological and instrumental innovations focusing on practical aspects","volume":"34","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00008a018","article-title":"Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of illicit drug substances","volume":"63","author":"Weinberger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(92)87131-Q","article-title":"Confirmation testing of 11-nor-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in urine with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography","volume":"608","author":"Wernly","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.10.004","article-title":"Using sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography to analyze \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol and its major metabolites","volume":"1216","author":"Su","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.08.085","article-title":"Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: A new simple tool for the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends and for the rapid estimation of their log P values","volume":"1267","author":"Gottardo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201301132","article-title":"MEKC\u2013MS\/MS method using a volatile surfactant for the simultaneous determination of 12 synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"37","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.11.032","article-title":"An on-line stacking capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites","volume":"1426","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.12.078","article-title":"Determination of selected synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry employing perfluoroheptanoic acid-based micellar phase","volume":"150","author":"Maier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)00709-9","article-title":"Theory of capillary electrochromatography","volume":"916","author":"Bartle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980077u","article-title":"Capillary electrochromatography of cannabinoids","volume":"70","author":"Lurie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"116","article-title":"Advances in capillary electrophoresis for the life sciences","volume":"1118","author":"Ramautar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromat. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b04718","article-title":"Challenging bioanalyses with capillary electrophoresis","volume":"92","author":"Kristoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.11.001","article-title":"On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis: Fundamentals and applications","volume":"1184","author":"Quirino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)00108-4","article-title":"Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis","volume":"892","author":"Riekkola","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"233","article-title":"Stacking of neutral analytes in micellar electrokinetic chromatography","volume":"4","author":"Quirino","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Capill. Electrophor."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(97)00295-1","article-title":"Micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"780","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/2\/638\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:08Z","timestamp":1760119388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/2\/638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28020638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28020638","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]]}}}