{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:21Z","timestamp":1792789701658,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81830110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830110"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81903818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903818"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["UNPYSCT2020224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNPYSCT2020224"]}]},{"name":"University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province","award":["81830110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830110"]}]},{"name":"University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province","award":["81903818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903818"]}]},{"name":"University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province","award":["UNPYSCT2020224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNPYSCT2020224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ephedrae Herba (Ephedra), known as \u201cMaHuang\u201d in China, is the dried straw stem that is associated with the lung and urinary bladder meridians. At present, more than 60 species of Ephedra plants have been identified, which contain more than 100 compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sugars, and organic phenolic acids. This herb has long been used to treat asthma, liver disease, skin disease, and other diseases, and has shown unique efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Because alkaloids are the main components causing toxicity, the safety of Ephedra must be considered. However, the nonalkaloid components of Ephedra can be effectively used to replace ephedrine extracts to treat some diseases, and reasonable use can ensure the safety of Ephedra. We reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, and alkaloid toxicity of Ephedra, and describe prospects for its future development to facilitate the development of Ephedra.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T06:38:27Z","timestamp":1673246307000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Ephedrae Herba: A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Clinical Application, and Alkaloid Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Songyuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junling","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangli","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22216","article-title":"Interdisciplinary investigation on ancient Ephedra twigs from Gumugou Cemetery (3800 B.P.) in Xinjiang region, northwest China","volume":"76","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microsc. 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