{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:22:53Z","timestamp":1776403373339,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008083","name":"Xihua University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RX2200002010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RX2200002010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008083","name":"Xihua University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202103000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202103000011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["RX2200002010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RX2200002010"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["202103000011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202103000011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-voltage potassium-based batteries are promising alternatives for lithium-ion batteries as next-generation energy storage devices. The stability and reversibility of such systems depend largely on the properties of the corresponding electrolytes. This review first presents major challenges for high-voltage electrolytes, such as electrolyte decomposition, parasitic side reactions, and current collector corrosion. Then, the state-of-the-art modification strategies for traditional ester and ether-based organic electrolytes are scrutinized and discussed, including high concentration, localized high concentration\/weakly solvating strategy, multi-ion strategy, and addition of high-voltage additives. Besides, research advances of other promising electrolyte systems, such as potassium-based ionic liquids and solid-state-electrolytes are also summarized. Finally, prospective future research directions are proposed to further enhance the oxidative stability and non-corrosiveness of electrolytes for high-voltage potassium batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:57:19Z","timestamp":1673845039000},"page":"823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Electrolyte Design Strategies for Non-Aqueous High-Voltage Potassium-Based Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, 999 Jinzhou Road, Chengdu 610039, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuyi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.10.015","article-title":"Rational design of carbon materials as anodes for potassium-ion batteries","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006627","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202006627","article-title":"Recent Advances and Perspectives on the Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium\/Potassium-Ion Batteries","volume":"17","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/batt.202100029","article-title":"Recent Progress in Electrolyte Development and Design Strategies for Next-Generation Potassium-Ion Batteries","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Batter. Supercaps"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702384","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201702384","article-title":"Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K-Ion Batteries","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav7412","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav7412","article-title":"Approaching high-performance potassium-ion batteries via advanced design strategies and engineering","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003741","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003741","article-title":"Electrolytes and Interphases in Potassium Ion Batteries","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21913","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b06457","article-title":"Solvation and Dynamics of Sodium and Potassium in Ethylene Carbonate from ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"121","author":"Pham","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11566","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b06809","article-title":"Carbon Electrodes for K-Ion Batteries","volume":"137","author":"Jian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC06537D","article-title":"Developing better ester- And ether-based electrolytes for potassium-ion batteries","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15547","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA03310C","article-title":"Emerging organic potassium-ion batteries: Electrodes and electrolytes","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703496","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201703496","article-title":"Bismuth Microparticles as Advanced Anodes for Potassium-Ion Battery","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102562","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202102562","article-title":"Building Elastic Solid Electrolyte Interphases for Stabilizing Microsized Antimony Anodes in Potassium Ion Batteries","volume":"31","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112399","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202112399","article-title":"Critical Roles of Mechanical Properties of Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Potassium Metal Anodes","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801591","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201801591","article-title":"A New Strategy for High-Voltage Cathodes for K-Ion Batteries: Stoichiometric KVPO4F","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC10280H","article-title":"KVPO4F and KVOPO4 toward 4 volt-class potassium-ion batteries","volume":"53","author":"Chihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703320","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201703320","article-title":"A Review on the Features and Progress of Dual-Ion Batteries","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE01825B","article-title":"Electronic structure influences on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1021\/cm901452z","article-title":"Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries","volume":"22","author":"Goodenough","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100107","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202100107","article-title":"High-Voltage Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42723","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c10471","article-title":"High-Voltage Stability in KFSI Nonaqueous Carbonate Solutions for Potassium-Ion Batteries: Current Collectors and Coin-Cell Components","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11503","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500003w","article-title":"Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201402175","article-title":"Recent progress in research on high-voltage electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801836","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201801836","article-title":"A Dual Carbon-Based Potassium Dual Ion Battery with Robust Comprehensive Performance","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700920","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201700920","article-title":"A Dual-Carbon Battery Based on Potassium-Ion Electrolyte","volume":"7","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1002\/batt.201900106","article-title":"Enabling High Performance Potassium-Based Dual-Graphite Battery Cells by Highly Concentrated Electrolytes","volume":"2","author":"Heckmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Batter. Supercaps"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106744","article-title":"Tuning anion chemistry enables high-voltage and stable potassium-based tellurium-graphite batteries","volume":"92","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.08.040","article-title":"Unraveling the role of ion-solvent chemistry in stabilizing small-molecule organic cathode for potassium-ion batteries","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2021.03.027","article-title":"Synergistic PF6\u2212 and FSI\u2212 intercalation enables stable graphite cathode for potassium-based dual ion battery","volume":"178","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10202","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c01993","article-title":"Highly concentrated and nonflammable electrolyte for high energy density K-based dual-ion battery","volume":"3","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106876","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202106876","article-title":"The Quest for Stable Potassium-Ion Battery Chemistry","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202208291","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202208291","article-title":"Weak Cation\u2013Solvent Interactions in Ether-Based Electrolytes Stabilizing Potassium-ion Batteries","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CC07266D","article-title":"A highly concentrated electrolyte for high-efficiency potassium metal batteries","volume":"57","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1039\/D2YA00015F","article-title":"A localized high concentration electrolyte for 4 V-class potassium metal batteries","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06923-6","article-title":"High-energy-density dual-ion battery for stationary storage of electricity using concentrated potassium fluorosulfonylimide","volume":"9","author":"Kravchyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23766","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA08851J","article-title":"KFSA\/glyme electrolytes for 4 V-class K-ion batteries","volume":"8","author":"Hosaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8387","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC04433C","article-title":"Highly concentrated electrolyte solutions for 4 V class potassium-ion batteries","volume":"54","author":"Hosaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902618","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201902618","article-title":"Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes Boost Potassium Storage in High-Loading Graphite","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202011482","article-title":"Regulating Interfacial Chemistry in Lithium-Ion Batteries by a Weakly Solvating Electrolyte","volume":"60","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem.\u2014Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.06.011","article-title":"A Liquid Electrolyte with De-Solvated Lithium Ions for Lithium-Metal Battery","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9169","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c03648","article-title":"Weakly Solvating Solution Enables Chemical Prelithiation of Graphite-SiOx Anodes for High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"143","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100133","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202100133","article-title":"Simultaneous Stabilization of the Solid\/Cathode Electrolyte Interface in Lithium Metal Batteries by a New Weakly Solvating Electrolyte","volume":"17","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.03.028","article-title":"Multi-ion strategies towards emerging rechargeable batteries with high performance","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE01573K","article-title":"Recent advances and perspectives in aqueous potassium-ion batteries","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.03.011","article-title":"Salt-concentrated acetate electrolytes for a high voltage aqueous Zn\/MnO2 battery","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.227594","article-title":"Electrochemical intercalation of anions in graphite for high-voltage aqueous zinc battery","volume":"449","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202001509","article-title":"A Superconcentrated Water-in-Salt Hydrogel Electrolyte for High-Voltage Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA13068C","article-title":"Nonaqueous electrolyte with dual-cations for high-voltage and long-life zinc batteries","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c01401","article-title":"Model-Based Design of Graphite-Compatible Electrolytes in Potassium-Ion Batteries","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34873","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c08002","article-title":"Development of KPF6\/KFSA Binary-Salt Solutions for Long-Life and High-Voltage K-Ion Batteries","volume":"12","author":"Hosaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.08.013","article-title":"Highly stable potassium metal batteries enabled by regulating surface chemistry in ether electrolyte","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22054","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA07438A","article-title":"Enhanced cycling stability of high-voltage lithium metal batteries with a trifunctional electrolyte additive","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14251","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201807034","article-title":"Lithium Nitrate Solvation Chemistry in Carbonate Electrolyte Sustains High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"130","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.11.131","article-title":"Effect of the electrode\/electrolyte interface structure on the potassium-ion diffusional and charge transfer rates: Towards a high voltage potassium-ion battery","volume":"258","author":"Nikitina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53841","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c15174","article-title":"Potassium fluoride and carbonate lead to cell failure in potassium-ion batteries","volume":"13","author":"Ells","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CC06467J","article-title":"Optimal utilization of fluoroethylene carbonate in potassium ion batteries","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149193","article-title":"Effects of fluoroethylene carbonate-induced solid-electrolyte-interface layers on carbon-based anode materials for potassium ion batteries","volume":"547","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18450","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b06523","article-title":"Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of K[N(SO2F)2]-[N-Methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium][N(SO2F)2] Ionic Liquids for Potassium-Ion Batteries","volume":"121","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38887","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c10852","article-title":"Quinone Electrode for Long Lifespan Potassium-Ion Batteries Based on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EE01535F","article-title":"Alternative electrochemical energy storage: Potassium-based dual-graphite batteries","volume":"10","author":"Beltrop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201900689","article-title":"Sulfonylamide-Based Ionic Liquids for High-Voltage Potassium-Ion Batteries with Honeycomb Layered Cathode Oxides","volume":"6","author":"Yoshii","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.0c03272","article-title":"Potassium Single Cation Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Potassium-Ion Batteries","volume":"124","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200294","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202200294","article-title":"Lignin as Polymer Electrolyte Precursor for Stable and Sustainable Potassium Batteries","volume":"15","author":"Trano","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.2c00335","article-title":"Cardanol-Derived Epoxy Resins as Biobased Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Potassium-Ion Conduction","volume":"4","author":"Manarin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.2c01096","article-title":"All-Solid-State Potassium Polymer Batteries Enabled by the Effective Pretreatment of Potassium Metal","volume":"7","author":"Hamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107186","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202107186","article-title":"Polyacrylonitrile-Reinforced Composite Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Stable Potassium Metal Anodes","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201802248","article-title":"A High-Energy-Density Potassium Battery with a Polymer-Gel Electrolyte and a Polyaniline Cathode","volume":"130","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.136403","article-title":"A sulfone-based crystalline organic electrolyte for 5 V solid-state potassium batteries","volume":"443","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwac134","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac134","article-title":"Cyclic-anion salt for high-voltage stable potassium-metal batteries","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"5347","article-title":"Adiponitrile as Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Additive: A Positive and Peculiar Effect on High-Voltage Systems","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106299","article-title":"Superior long-term cycling of high-voltage lithium-ion batteries enabled by single-solvent electrolyte","volume":"89","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040555","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac67f5","article-title":"Tuning Fluorination of Linear Carbonate for Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"169","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106720","article-title":"Solvation-protection-enabled high-voltage electrolyte for lithium metal batteries","volume":"92","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29199-3","article-title":"Fluorinated ether electrolyte with controlled solvation structure for high voltage lithium metal batteries","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE02959B","article-title":"A nonflammable electrolyte for ultrahigh-voltage (4.8 V-class) Li||NCM811 cells with a wide temperature range of 100 \u00b0C","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2022.02.041","article-title":"Glyoxal-based electrolytes for potassium-ion batteries","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.230436","article-title":"Highly concentrated electrolyte enabling high-voltage application of metallic components for potassium-ion batteries","volume":"510","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EE02836B","article-title":"Extremely Stable Antimony-Carbon Composite Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/2\/823\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:05:34Z","timestamp":1760119534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/2\/823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28020823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28020823","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]}}}