{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:35:06Z","timestamp":1791228906915,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Walailak University, Thailand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many of the medicinally active molecules in the flavonoid class of phytochemicals are being researched for their potential antiviral activity against various DNA and RNA viruses. Quercetin is a flavonoid that can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits and vegetables. It has been reported to be effective against a variety of viruses. This review, therefore, deciphered the mechanistic of how Quercetin works against some of the deadliest viruses, such as influenza A, Hepatitis C, Dengue type 2 and Ebola virus, which cause frequent outbreaks worldwide and result in significant morbidity and mortality in humans through epidemics or pandemics. All those have an alarming impact on both human health and the global and national economies. The review extended computing the Quercetin-contained natural recourse and its modes of action in different experimental approaches leading to antiviral actions. The gap in effective treatment emphasizes the necessity of a search for new effective antiviral compounds. Quercetin shows potential antiviral activity and inhibits it by targeting viral infections at multiple stages. The suppression of viral neuraminidase, proteases and DNA\/RNA polymerases and the alteration of many viral proteins as well as their immunomodulation are the main molecular mechanisms of Quercetin\u2019s antiviral activities. Nonetheless, the huge potential of Quercetin and its extensive use is inadequately approached as a therapeutic for emerging and re-emerging viral infections. Therefore, this review enumerated the food-functioned Quercetin source, the modes of action of Quercetin for antiviral effects and made insights on the mechanism-based antiviral action of Quercetin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28030938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T03:04:44Z","timestamp":1674011084000},"page":"938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Quercetin: A Functional Food-Flavonoid Incredibly Attenuates Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Infections through Immunomodulatory Actions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Fauzia Mahanaz","family":"Shorobi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema Yasmin","family":"Nisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-345X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srabonti","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Abid Hasan","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangladesh Tea Research Institute, Sreemangal-3210, Moulvibazar District, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-4410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayuna","family":"Srisuphanunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazi Helal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9620 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Atiar","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, F.S., de Arruda, L.B., and da Fonseca, F.G. (2022). Special Issue \u201cViral Infections in Developing Countries\u201d. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020405"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732891","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.732891","article-title":"A Review of Medicinal Plants with Antiviral Activity Available in Bangladesh and Mechanistic Insight Into Their Bioactive Metabolites on SARS-CoV-2, HIV and HBV","volume":"12","author":"Bachar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16774","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A clinical update","volume":"34","author":"Gisondi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e7423","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update","volume":"12","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111596","article-title":"Antiviral activities of flavonoids","volume":"140","author":"Badshah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041327","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of vegetables, spices and dressings relevant to nutrition","volume":"93","author":"Ninfali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"266","article-title":"Quercetin and its derivates as antiviral potentials: A comprehensive review","volume":"36","author":"Fais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batiha, G.E.-S., Beshbishy, A.M., Ikram, M., Mulla, Z.S., El-Hack, M.E.A., Taha, A.E., Algammal, A.M., and Elewa, Y.H.A. (2020). The Pharmacological Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Pharmacokinetics of the Major Natural Polyphenolic Flavonoid: Quercetin. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9030374"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.194044","article-title":"Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid","volume":"10","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S318720","article-title":"Possible Therapeutic Effects of Adjuvant Quercetin Supplementation Against Early-Stage COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, and Open-Label Study","volume":"14","author":"Derosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.08.029","article-title":"Divergent antiviral effects of bioflavonoids on the hepatitis C virus life cycle","volume":"433","author":"Khachatoorian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-130","article-title":"Quercetin and quercetin 3-O-glycosides from Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud. show anti-Mayaro virus activity","volume":"7","author":"Kuster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.08.016","article-title":"Inhibition of influenza virus replication by plant-derived isoquercetin","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11421","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11421","article-title":"Antiviral activity of silymarin against chikungunya virus","volume":"5","author":"Lani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12603","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3687","article-title":"Quercetin-induced apoptosis prevents EBV infection","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01507.x","article-title":"Suppression of hepatitis C virus by the flavonoid quercetin is mediated by inhibition of NS3 protease activity","volume":"19","author":"Bachmetov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Viral. Hepat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-560","article-title":"Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2","volume":"8","author":"Zandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanunza, E., Iampietro, M., Distinto, S., Corona, A., Quartu, M., Maccioni, E., Horvat, B., and Tramontano, E. (2020). Quercetin Blocks Ebola Virus Infection by Counteracting the VP24 Interferon-Inhibitory Function. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 64.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00530-20"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40203-022-00132-2","article-title":"Quercetin attenuates viral infections by interacting with target proteins and linked genes in chemicobiological models","volume":"10","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Silico Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"395","article-title":"Review on quercetin and their beneficial properties","volume":"7","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1976.tb00743.x","article-title":"Flavonols and flavones in food plants: A review","volume":"11","author":"Herrmann","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2012.04.024","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity and percutaneous absorption of quercetin and its polymethoxylated compound and glycosides: The relationships to chemical structures","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60441a","article-title":"Anti-proliferative effects of quercetin and catechin metabolites","volume":"5","author":"Delgado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.06.001","article-title":"Probing the impact of quercetin-7-O-glucoside on influenza virus replication influence","volume":"23","author":"Gansukh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-001-1206-5","article-title":"Quercetin in a lotus leaves extract may be responsible for antibacterial activity","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"635","article-title":"Quercetin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in CD133+ cancer stem cells of human colorectal HT29 cancer cell line and enhances anticancer effects of doxorubicin","volume":"18","author":"Atashpour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.07.005","article-title":"Life or death: Neuroprotective and anticancer effects of quercetin","volume":"143","author":"Dajas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.10.030","article-title":"Dietary quercetin ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat diet in gerbils","volume":"52","author":"Ying","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.03.002","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of quercetin 3-rhamnoside on influenza A virus replication","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.4.753","article-title":"Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations Are Inversely Associated with Dietary Flavonoid Intake in U.S. Adults","volume":"138","author":"Chun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrbod, P., Ebrahimi, S.N., Fotouhi, F., Eskandari, F., Eloff, J.N., McGaw, L.J., and Fasina, F.O. (2019). Experimental validation and computational modeling of anti-influenza effects of quercetin-3-O-\u03b1-L-rhamnopyranoside from indigenous south African medicinal plant Rapanea melanophloeos. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2774-3"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1683810","article-title":"A minireview of quercetin: From its metabolism to possible mechanisms of its biological activities","volume":"60","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"59","article-title":"Medicinal plants: Future source of new drugs","volume":"4","author":"Shakya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8216435","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8216435","article-title":"Isolation of Quercetin from Rubus fruticosus, Their Concentration through NF\/RO Membranes, and Recovery through Carbon Nanocomposite. A Pilot Plant Study","volume":"2020","author":"Zahoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2015.1012520","article-title":"Application of Sea Sand Disruption Method for HPLC Determination of Quercetin in Plants","volume":"38","author":"Wianowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-016-2719-8","article-title":"Determining the true content of quercetin and its derivatives in plants employing SSDM and LC\u2013MS analysis","volume":"243","author":"Wianowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.031","article-title":"Isolation of quercetin from the methanolic extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa by HPLC technique, its cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells and photocatalytic activity","volume":"171","author":"Saraswathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sequential extraction of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside from Piliostigma thonningii Schum. leaves using microwave technology","volume":"2","author":"Tsague","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2501","article-title":"Quercetin synergistically reactivates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 latency by activating nuclear factor-\u03baB","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/10826070802603369","article-title":"Preparative Isolation of Isorhamnetin from Stigma Maydis using High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography","volume":"32","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrbod, P., Abdalla, M.A., Fotouhi, F., Heidarzadeh, M., Aro, A.O., Eloff, J.N., McGaw, L.J., and Fasina, F.O. (2018). Immunomodulatory properties of quercetin-3-O-\u03b1-L-rhamnopyranoside from Rapanea melanophloeos against influenza a virus. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2246-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110985","article-title":"Probing the effect of quercetin 3-glucoside from Dianthus superbus L against influenza virus infection- In vitro and in silico biochemical and toxicological screening","volume":"135","author":"Nile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2015.12.002","article-title":"Evaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Chiow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04358-5","article-title":"Identification of a flavonoid isolated from plum (Prunus domestica) as a potent inhibitor of Hepatitis C virus entry","volume":"7","author":"Bose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trujillo-Correa, A.I., Quintero-Gil, D.C., Diaz-Castillo, F., Qui\u00f1ones, W., Robledo, S.M., and Martinez-Gutierrez, M. (2019). In vitro and in silico anti-dengue activity of compounds obtained from Psidium guajava through bioprospecting. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2695-1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2749-3","article-title":"Virus-inhibiting activity of dihydroquercetin, a flavonoid from Larix sibirica, against coxsackievirus B4 in a model of viral pancreatitis","volume":"161","author":"Galochkina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, P.-Y., Ho, B.-C., Lee, S.-Y., Chang, S.-Y., Kao, C.-L., Lee, S.-S., and Lee, C.-N. (2015). Houttuynia cordata Targets the Beginning Stage of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115475"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2009.08.036","article-title":"Neuraminidase inhibitory activities of flavonols isolated from Rhodiola rosea roots and their in vitro anti-influenza viral activities","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-017-0183-6","article-title":"The role of the glycosyl moiety of myricetin derivatives in anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Ortega","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110298","article-title":"Apigenin, flavonoid component isolated from Gentiana veitchiorum flower suppresses the oxidative stress through LDLR-LCAT signaling pathway","volume":"128","author":"Dou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041613","article-title":"Apigenin Restricts FMDV Infection and Inhibits Viral IRES Driven Translational Activity","volume":"7","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2018.01.001","article-title":"Antiviral effect of polyphenol rich plant extracts on herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"7","author":"Salib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00307-16","article-title":"Prophylactic Efficacy of Quercetin 3-\u03b2- O-d-Glucoside against Ebola Virus Infection","volume":"60","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00867","article-title":"Effect of Quercetin Rich Onion Extracts on Bacterial Quorum Sensing","volume":"10","author":"Quecan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2017.10.003","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba flavonoid glycosides in antimicrobial perspective with reference to extraction method","volume":"9","author":"Sati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dayem, A.A., Choi, H.Y., Kim, Y.B., and Cho, S.-G. (2015). Antiviral Effect of Methylated Flavonol Isorhamnetin against Influenza. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121610"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Zhao, J., Li, W., Shen, L., Huang, S., Tang, J., Duan, J., Fang, F., Huang, Y., and Chang, H. (2016). Computational screen and experimental validation of anti-influenza effects of quercetin and chlorogenic acid from traditional Chinese medicine. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19095"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60343-6","article-title":"Anti\u2014Chikungunya activity of luteolin and apigenin rich fraction from Cynodon dactylon","volume":"8","author":"Murali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1074558","article-title":"Anti-Influenza Virus Activities of Flavonoids from the Medicinal Plant Elsholtzia rugulosa","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745352","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2745352","article-title":"The Preventive Effects and the Mechanisms of Action of Navel Orange Peel Hydroethanolic Extract, Naringin, and Naringenin in N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol-Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats","volume":"2019","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52626-3","article-title":"The citrus flavonoid naringenin impairs the in vitro infection of human cells by Zika virus","volume":"9","author":"Cataneo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellavite, P., and Donzelli, A. (2020). Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Function of Citrus Fruits. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202006.0321.v1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.108","article-title":"Anti-Sindbis Activity of Flavanones Hesperetin and Naringenin","volume":"26","author":"Paredes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.509734","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of hesperidin from Citrus peel using electron spin resonance and cytotoxic activity against human carcinoma cell lines","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22197","article-title":"Apolipoprotein B-dependent hepatitis C virus secretion is inhibited by the grapefruit flavonoid naringenin","volume":"47","author":"Nahmias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.550054","article-title":"Inhibition of TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3 induced RANTES expression in HaCaT cell by naringin","volume":"49","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-019-01287-7","article-title":"Luteolin decreases the yield of influenza A virus in vitro by interfering with the coat protein I complex expression","volume":"73","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.12.015","article-title":"Flavonoids as noncompetitive inhibitors of Dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease: Inhibition kinetics and docking studies","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41864","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41864","article-title":"The citrus flavanone naringenin impairs dengue virus replication in human cells","volume":"7","author":"Frabasile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12342","article-title":"Bioavailability of Quercetin in Humans with a Focus on Interindividual Variation","volume":"17","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R461","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.2.R461","article-title":"Accumulation of quercetin conjugates in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by women","volume":"279","author":"Moon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591356","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neq053","article-title":"Quercetin and Cancer Chemoprevention","volume":"2011","author":"Gibellini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.04.018","article-title":"Dietary quercetin combining intratumoral doxorubicin injection synergistically induces rejection of established breast cancer in mice","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"127105","article-title":"Inhibitory Action of Quercetin on Eosinophil Activation In Vitro","volume":"2013","author":"Asano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"55","article-title":"Overview of hepatitis C virus genome structure, polyprotein processing, and protein properties","volume":"242","author":"Reed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26744","article-title":"Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: Updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource","volume":"59","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Global Hepatitis Report, 2017, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08463","article-title":"Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus","volume":"461","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"s21","article-title":"Course and outcome of hepatitis C","volume":"36","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-4-200202190-00008","article-title":"Surprisingly small effect of antiviral treatment in patients with hepatitis C","volume":"136","author":"Kale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1316366","article-title":"Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir for Previously Treated HCV Genotype 1 Infection","volume":"370","author":"Afdhal","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402454","article-title":"Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir for Untreated HCV Genotype 1 Infection","volume":"370","author":"Afdhal","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13081","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of all-oral ledipasvir\/sofosbuvir regimens in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection","volume":"41","author":"Younossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S127689","article-title":"Hepatitis C treatment: Where are we now?","volume":"10","author":"Burstow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-015-0373-9","article-title":"Systematic Review of Modelling Approaches for the Cost Effectiveness of Hepatitis C Treatment with Direct-Acting Antivirals","volume":"34","author":"Chhatwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5518","article-title":"A Phase I Dose Escalation Study Demonstrates Quercetin Safety and Explores Potential for Bioflavonoid Antivirals in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23232","article-title":"The heat shock protein inhibitor Quercetin attenuates hepatitis C virus production","volume":"50","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8277","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00645-12","article-title":"Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Intracellular Assay for the Conformation of Hepatitis C Virus Drug Target NS5A","volume":"86","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1020490","article-title":"Naringenin and quercetin\u2014potential anti-HCV agents for NS2 protease targets","volume":"30","author":"Lulu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(95)00077-1","article-title":"Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids","volume":"33","author":"Formica","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-002-0945-8","article-title":"Intestinal apolipoprotein B secretion is inhibited by the flavonoid quercetin: Potential role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and diacylglycerol acyltransferase","volume":"37","author":"Casaschi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02167.x","article-title":"Quercetin inhibits fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in rat-liver cells","volume":"39","author":"Gnoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2238","article-title":"Efficient hepatitis C virus particle formation requires diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1","volume":"16","author":"Herker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12064027","article-title":"Systematic Approaches towards the Development of Host-Directed Antiviral Therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Prussia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31777","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31777","article-title":"Effect of Quercetin on Hepatitis C Virus Life Cycle: From Viral to Host Targets","volume":"6","author":"Rojas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0357-z","article-title":"Dengue virus life cycle: Viral and host factors modulating infectivity","volume":"67","author":"Wilschut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s12539-016-0157-8","article-title":"Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies to Predict Flavonoid Binding on the Surface of DENV2 E Protein","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Sci. Comput. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"(2009). Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control: New Edition, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fried, J.R., Gibbons, R.V., Kalayanarooj, S., Thomas, S.J., Srikiatkhachorn, A., Yoon, I.-K., Jarman, R.G., Green, S., Rothman, A.L., and Cummings, D.A.T. (2010). Serotype-Specific Differences in the Risk of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: An Analysis of Data Collected in Bangkok, Thailand from 1994 to 2006. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000617"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S22613","article-title":"Treatment of dengue fever","volume":"5","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw423","article-title":"Current Status of Dengue Therapeutics Research and Development","volume":"215","author":"Low","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehorn, J., Yacoub, S., Anders, K.L., Macareo, L.R., Cassetti, M.C., Van, V.C.N., Shi, P.-Y., Wills, B., and Simmons, C.P. (2014). Dengue Therapeutics, Chemoprophylaxis, and Allied Tools: State of the Art and Future Directions. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003025"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1067","article-title":"A structural perspective of the flavivirus life cycle","volume":"3","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630010460","article-title":"Molecular Docking Based Screening of Plant Flavonoids as Dengue NS1 Inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Qamar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7270.2008.00382.x","article-title":"Biological characteristics of dengue virus and potential targets for drug design","volume":"40","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630009889","article-title":"Flavonoid from Carica papaya inhibits NS2B-NS3 protease and prevents Dengue 2 viral assembly","volume":"9","author":"Senthilvel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113734","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22556","article-title":"Dietary quercetin potentiates the antiproliferative effect of interferon-\u03b1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of JAK\/STAT pathway signaling by inhibition of SHP2 phosphatase","volume":"8","author":"Igbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02188-08","article-title":"NS5 of Dengue Virus Mediates STAT2 Binding and Degradation","volume":"83","author":"Ashour","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2014.0136","article-title":"Upregulation of the Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling 1 and 3 Is Associated with Arrest of Phosphorylated-STAT1 Nuclear Importation and Reduced Innate Response in Denguevirus-Infected Macrophages","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"5197592","article-title":"IL-10 and socs3 Are Predictive Biomarkers of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"2017","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0383-4","article-title":"Interferon lambda inhibits dengue virus replication in epithelial cells","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1086\/651018","article-title":"Mechanisms of Immune Evasion Induced by a Complex of Dengue Virus and Preexisting Enhancing Antibodies","volume":"201","author":"Ubol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20130481","article-title":"Flavanoids induce expression of the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) gene and suppress IL-6-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"454","author":"Wiejak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S210890","article-title":"Antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols on macrophages infected with dengue virus serotypes 2 and 3 enhanced or not with antibodies","volume":"12","author":"Dominguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000244047.31135.fa","article-title":"Immunopathological mechanisms in dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00035-09","article-title":"Dengue Virus Pathogenesis: An Integrated View","volume":"22","author":"Martina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"202","article-title":"Role of TNF \u03b1, IL-6 and CXCL10 in Dengue disease severity","volume":"10","author":"Masood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0814-x","article-title":"Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations","volume":"155","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01206","article-title":"The spatio-temporal distribution dynamics of Ebola virus proteins and RNA in infected cells","volume":"3","author":"Nanbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Dapiaggi, F., Pieraccini, S., Potenza, D., Vasile, F., and Podlipnik, \u010c. (2019). Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"135","article-title":"Antiviral Agents Against Ebola Virus Infection: Repositioning Old Drugs and Finding Novel Small Molecules","volume":"51","author":"Fanunza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rep. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100506","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Ebola Virus Disease","volume":"12","author":"Baseler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Petrillo, A., Fais, A., Pintus, F., Santos-Buelga, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Param\u00e1s, A.M., Piras, V., Orr\u00f9, G., Mameli, A., Tramontano, E., and Frau, A. (2017). Broad-range potential of Asphodelus microcarpus leaves extract for drug development. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1068-5"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.09.018","article-title":"Quercetin: A flavonol with multifaceted therapeutic applications?","volume":"106","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.039","article-title":"The biology of influenza viruses","volume":"26","author":"Bouvier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrbod, P., Hudy, D., Shyntum, D., Markowski, J., \u0141os, M.J., and Ghavami, S. (2021). Quercetin as a Natural Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Influenza Virus. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010010"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1930","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1930","article-title":"Nature nominee quercetin\u2019s anti-influenza combat strategy-Demonstrations and remonstrations","volume":"27","author":"Gansukh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127508","article-title":"New insights into antiviral and cytotoxic potential of quercetin and its derivatives\u2014A biochemical perspective","volume":"334","author":"Gansukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450033491019","article-title":"Recent Strategies in the Search for New Anti-Influenza Therapies","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.59","article-title":"Targeting the HA2 subunit of influenza A virus hemagglutinin via CD40L provides universal protection against diverse subtypes","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Li, R., Li, X., He, J., Jiang, S., Liu, S., and Yang, J. (2015). Quercetin as an Antiviral Agent Inhibits Influenza A Virus (IAV) Entry. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8010006"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48430-8","article-title":"Antiviral activity of ethanol extract of Geranii Herba and its components against influenza viruses via neuraminidase inhibition","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.87","article-title":"Influenza virus RNA polymerase: Insights into the mechanisms of viral RNA synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Fodor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"3","article-title":"The pharmacological mechanism of quercetin as adjuvant therapy of COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Rizky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.12.008","article-title":"Plant-derived antiviral drugs as novel hepatitis B virus inhibitors: Cell culture and molecular docking study","volume":"27","author":"Parvez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatima, K., Mathew, S., Suhail, M., Ali, A., Damanhouri, G., Azhar, E., and  Qadri, I. (2014). Docking studies of Pakistani HCV NS3 helicase: A possible antiviral drug target. PLoS One, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106339"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2174\/187152810793358741","article-title":"The Role of Quercetin, Flavonols and Flavones in Modulating Inflammatory Cell Function","volume":"9","author":"Chirumbolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6815","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903991","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Effect of Quercetin on Dendritic Cell Activation and Function","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2013.04.019","article-title":"Quercetin disrupts tyrosine-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and myeloid differentiation factor-88 association, and inhibits MAPK\/AP-1 and IKK\/NF-\u03baB-induced inflammatory mediators production in RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"218","author":"Endale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1996","article-title":"CD4+ T cell help and innate-derived IL-27 induce Blimp-1-dependent IL-10 production by antiviral CTLs","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3844\/ajidsp.2009.135.141","article-title":"The Flavonoid, Quercetin, Inhibits HIV-1 Infection in Normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., Skrovankova, S., and Sochor, J. (2016). Quercetin and Its Anti-Allergic Immune Response. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050623"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yao, J., Han, C., Yang, J., Chaudhry, M.T., Wang, S., Liu, H., and Yin, Y. (2016). Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030167"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0464-2","article-title":"Flavonoid quercetin\u2013methotrexate combination inhibits inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinase expression, providing protection to joints in collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Haleagrahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1021\/np1003017","article-title":"Quercetin Reduces Neutrophil Recruitment Induced by CXCL8, LTB4, and fMLP: Inhibition of Actin Polymerization","volume":"74","author":"Souto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4456","DOI":"10.1039\/C8OB00706C","article-title":"Development of oligonucleotide-based antagonists of Ebola virus protein 24 inhibiting its interaction with karyopherin alpha 1","volume":"16","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.10.2190","article-title":"Dietary Flavones and Flavonoles Are Inhibitors of Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 in Pulmonary Epithelial Cells","volume":"137","author":"Geraets","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318199491f","article-title":"Effects of Quercetin and EGCG on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Immunity","volume":"41","author":"Nieman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.025","article-title":"Synergism of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 Triggers Inflammatory Cell Death, Tissue Damage, and Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cytokine Shock Syndromes","volume":"184","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO01178C","article-title":"Quercetin and related polyphenols: New insights and implications for their bioactivity and bioavailability","volume":"6","author":"Kawabata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.10.008","article-title":"Endogenous and exogenous mediators of quercetin bioavailability","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/3\/938\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:31Z","timestamp":1760119711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/3\/938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28030938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28030938","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}