{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:30:26Z","timestamp":1792017026570,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund)","award":["GCUGR1125633050M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCUGR1125633050M"]}]},{"name":"90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund)","award":["RA-MF-17\/65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA-MF-17\/65"]}]},{"name":"90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund)","award":["hp200157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hp200157"]}]},{"name":"90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund)","award":["JP20338388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20338388"]}]},{"name":"high-performance computing infrastructure project","award":["GCUGR1125633050M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCUGR1125633050M"]}]},{"name":"high-performance computing infrastructure project","award":["RA-MF-17\/65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA-MF-17\/65"]}]},{"name":"high-performance computing infrastructure project","award":["hp200157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hp200157"]}]},{"name":"high-performance computing infrastructure project","award":["JP20338388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20338388"]}]},{"name":"Kakehashi project of Tsukuba Innovation Arena (TIA)","award":["GCUGR1125633050M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCUGR1125633050M"]}]},{"name":"Kakehashi project of Tsukuba Innovation Arena (TIA)","award":["RA-MF-17\/65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA-MF-17\/65"]}]},{"name":"Kakehashi project of Tsukuba Innovation Arena (TIA)","award":["hp200157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hp200157"]}]},{"name":"Kakehashi project of Tsukuba Innovation Arena (TIA)","award":["JP20338388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20338388"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes 21,000 deaths annually. Depsides and depsidones of lichens have previously been reported to be antimicrobials. In this study, our objective was to identify lichen-derived depsides and depsidones as dengue virus inhibitors. The 18 depsides and depsidones of Usnea baileyi, Usnea aciculifera, Parmotrema dilatatum, and Parmotrema tsavoense were tested against dengue virus serotype 2. Two depsides and one depsidone inhibited dengue virus serotype 2 without any apparent cytotoxicity. Diffractaic acid, barbatic acid, and Parmosidone C were three active compounds further characterized for their efficacies (EC50), cytotoxicities (CC50), and selectivity index (SI; CC50\/EC50). Their EC50 (SI) values were 2.43 \u00b1 0.19 (20.59), 0.91 \u00b1 0.15 (13.33), and 17.42 \u00b1 3.21 (8.95) \u03bcM, respectively. Diffractaic acid showed the highest selectivity index, and similar efficacies were also found in dengue serotypes 1\u20134, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Cell-based studies revealed that the target was mainly in the late stage with replication and the formation of infectious particles. This report highlights that a lichen-derived diffractaic acid could become a mosquito-borne antiviral lead as its selectivity indices ranged from 8.07 to 20.59 with a proposed target at viral replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28030974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T06:22:10Z","timestamp":1674109330000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Lichen-Derived Diffractaic Acid Inhibited Dengue Virus Replication in a Cell-Based System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Naphat","family":"Loeanurit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Truong Lam","family":"Tuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van-Kieu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 710000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipanee","family":"Vibulakhaophan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8501-3844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kowit","family":"Hengphasatporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuteru","family":"Shigeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si Xian","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1673-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin Jang Hann","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanyada","family":"Rungrotmongkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warinthorn","family":"Chavasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siwaporn","family":"Boonyasuppayakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente, C.R., Herbinger, K.-H., Fr\u00f6schl, G., Malta Romano, C., de Souza Areias Cabidelle, A., and Cerutti Junior, C. 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