{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:08:23Z","timestamp":1787497703478,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSS AHER","award":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"]}]},{"name":"JSS AHER","award":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"]}]},{"name":"Director, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus for infrastructure facilities","award":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"]}]},{"name":"Director, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus for infrastructure facilities","award":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"]}]},{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","award":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"]}]},{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","award":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"]}]},{"name":"Senior Research Fellowship from Indian Council of Medical Research","award":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"]}]},{"name":"Senior Research Fellowship from Indian Council of Medical Research","award":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICMR SRF No. Fellowship\/84\/2020\u2013ECD-II"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project R.G.P. 2\/161\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare complications in patients. Leptospirosis is found to be the most prevalent, re-emergent, and neglected tropical zoonotic disease worldwide. The adaptation to various environmental conditions has made Leptospira acquire a large genome (~4.6 Mb) and a complex outer membrane, making it unique among bacteria that mimic the symptoms of jaundice and hemorrhage. Sph2 is another important virulence factor that enhances hemolytic sphingomyelinase\u2014capable of moving inside mitochondria\u2014which increases the ROS level and decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby leading to cell apoptosis. In the present study, 25 suspected bovine serum samples were subjected to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) across the Mysuru region. Different samples, such as urine, serum, and aborted materials from the confirmed MAT-positive animals, were used for isolation and genomic detection by conventional PCR targeting virulence gene, Lipl32, using specific primers. Further, in vitro and in silico studies were performed on isolated cultures to assess the anti-leptospiral, anti-hemolytic, and sphingomyelinase enzyme inhibition using novel pseudopeptides. The microdilution technique (MDT) and dark field microscope (DFM) assays revealed that at a concentration of 62.5 \u03bcg\/mL, the pseudopeptide inhibited 100% of the growth of Leptospira spp., suggesting its efficiency in the treatment of leptospirosis. The flow cytometry analyses show the potency of the pseudopeptide against sphingomyelinase enzymes using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Thus, the present study demonstrated the efficacy of the pseudopeptide in the inhibition of the growth of Leptospira, and therefore, this can be used as an alternative drug for the treatment of leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T01:36:26Z","timestamp":1674437786000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluating the Antimicrobial and Anti-Hemolytic Activity of Synthesized Pseudopeptide against Leptospiral Species: In Silico and In Vitro Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Chandan","family":"Dharmashekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhargav","family":"Shreevatsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisha S.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavana","family":"Harendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushma","family":"Pradeep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1582-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashanth M.","family":"Vishwanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570 015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranav","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi 576 104, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7821-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balamurugan","family":"V","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinod","family":"KK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-7513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharanagouda S.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Shati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4310-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Y.","family":"Alfaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4680-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serag Eldin I.","family":"Elbehairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza 12654, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9689-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghavendra 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