{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:53:18Z","timestamp":1787773998238,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINCIENICIAS COLOMBIA","award":["1115-852-69594 (PRO-CEC-AGUA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1115-852-69594 (PRO-CEC-AGUA)"]}]},{"name":"MINCIENICIAS COLOMBIA","award":["ICA\/R1\/191053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICA\/R1\/191053"]}]},{"name":"ROYAL SOCIETY-UK","award":["1115-852-69594 (PRO-CEC-AGUA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1115-852-69594 (PRO-CEC-AGUA)"]}]},{"name":"ROYAL SOCIETY-UK","award":["ICA\/R1\/191053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICA\/R1\/191053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mid-high-frequency ultrasound (200\u20131000 kHz) eliminates organic pollutants and also generates H2O2. To take advantage of H2O2, iron species can be added, generating a hybrid sono-Fenton process (sF). This paper presents the possibilities and limitations of sF. Heterogeneous (a natural mineral) and homogeneous (Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions) iron sources were considered. Acetaminophen, ciprofloxacin, and methyl orange were the target organic pollutants. Ultrasound alone induced the pollutants degradation, and the dual competing role of the natural mineral (0.02\u20130.20 g L\u22121) meant that it had no significant effects on the elimination of pollutants. In contrast, both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions enhanced the pollutants\u2019 degradation, and the elimination using Fe2+ was better because of its higher reactivity toward H2O2. However, the enhancement decreased at high Fe2+ concentrations (e.g., 5 mg L\u22121) because of scavenger effects. The Fe2+ addition significantly accelerated the elimination of acetaminophen and methyl orange. For ciprofloxacin, at short treatment times, the degradation was enhanced, but the pollutant complexation with Fe3+ that came from the Fenton reaction caused degradation to stop. Additionally, sF did not decrease the antimicrobial activity associated with ciprofloxacin, whereas ultrasound alone did. Therefore, the chemical structure of the pollutant plays a crucial role in the feasibility of the sF process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T01:36:26Z","timestamp":1674437786000},"page":"1113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Possibilities and Limitations of the Sono-Fenton Process Using Mid-High-Frequency Ultrasound for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Efra\u00edm A.","family":"Serna-Galvis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Remediaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Biocat\u00e1lisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Catalizadores y Adsorbentes (CATALAD), Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8230-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Silva-Agredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Remediaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Biocat\u00e1lisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5808-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Echavarr\u00eda-Isaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Catalizadores y Adsorbentes (CATALAD), Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4583-9849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"Torres-Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Remediaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Biocat\u00e1lisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.14150","article-title":"Physical mechanism of sono-Fenton process","volume":"59","author":"Chakma","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2013.08.020","article-title":"The sonochemical decolourisation of textile azo dye Orange II: Effects of Fenton type reagents and UV light","volume":"21","author":"Vinatoru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrason. 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