{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:34:09Z","timestamp":1786365249399,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research&amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia","award":["QU-IF-02-02-27782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-IF-02-02-27782"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A series of [RuCl2(p-cymene)(NHC)] complexes were obtained by reacting [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 with in situ generated Ag-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. The structure of the obtained complexes was determined by the appropriate spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In addition, we evaluated the biological activities of these compounds as antienzymatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiparasitic agents. The results revealed that complexes 3b and 3d were the most potent inhibitors against AchE with IC50 values of 2.52 and 5.06 \u03bcM mL\u22121. Additionally, 3d proved very good antimicrobial activity against all examined microorganisms with IZ (inhibition zone) over 25 mm and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) &lt; 4 \u00b5M. Additionally, the ligand 2a and its corresponding ruthenium (II) complex 3a had good cytotoxic activity against both cancer cells HCT-116 and HepG-2, with IC50 values of (7.76 and 11.76) and (4.12 and 9.21) \u03bcM mL\u22121, respectively. Evaluation of the antiparasitic activity of these complexes against Leishmania major promastigotes and Toxoplasma gondii showed that ruthenium complexes were more potent than the free ligand, with an IC50 values less than 1.5 \u03bcM mL\u22121. However, 3d was found the best one with SI (selectivity index) values greater than 5 so it seems to be the best candidate for antileishmanial drug discovery program, and much future research are recommended for mode of action and in vivo evaluation. In general, Ru-NHC complexes are the most effective against L. major promastigotes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T01:36:59Z","timestamp":1675215419000},"page":"1359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of Ruthenium(II) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes as Enzymatic Inhibitory Agents with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antiparasitical and Antiproliferative Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4690-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim S.","family":"Al Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed S.","family":"Koko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevin","family":"G\u00fcrb\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University, Malatya 44280, Turkey"},{"name":"Catalysis Research and Application Center, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University, Malatya 44280, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6325-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University, Malatya 44280, Turkey"},{"name":"Catalysis Research and Application Center, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University, Malatya 44280, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naceur","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at ArRass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/222385a0","article-title":"Platinum compounds: A new class of potent antitumour agents","volume":"222","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"329","article-title":"Noble metals in medicine: Latest advances, Coord","volume":"284","author":"Medici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. 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