{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:39:36Z","timestamp":1791830376258,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protozoa, in both humans and animals, are one of the leading causes of disease. International programmes introduced in many countries have helped reduce the incidence of disease. However, it has recently become increasingly difficult to achieve the goals set for the coming years. One of the main reasons for this, as with other pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, is the increasing resistance to current methods of treating and preventing infection. Therefore, new therapies with high efficacy are needed. In the present study, the novel mixtures of essential oils (EOs), clove, garlic, Ceylon cinnamon, and rosemary with organic acids (acetic, propionic, lactic) and metal ions (Cu, Mn, Zn) were tested against five selected model protozoa (Euglena gracilis, Gregarina blattarum, Amoeba proteus, Paramecium caudatum, Pentatrichomonas hominis). The cytotoxicity and potential anticancer activity of the obtained combinations were tested on the human fibroblasts (NHDF) and human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF7, LoVo, HT29). All of the mixtures showed very good antiprotozoal properties. The most efficient were the combination of clove and rosemary essential oils, mixtures of acids, and Mn ions. The LD50 values were in the range of 0.001\u20130.006% and the LD100 values were 0.002\u20130.008%. All of the tested mixtures did not show cytotoxicity against normal cells, but did show growth inhibition against cancer cell lines. The most cytotoxic against cancer cells were combinations with cinnamon essential oil. Nevertheless, the proposed combinations containing essential oils, organic acids, and metal ions have high antiprotozoal activity, with low toxicity to healthy human cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T01:53:54Z","timestamp":1675302834000},"page":"1395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In Vitro Evaluation of Antiprotozoal Properties, Cytotoxicity Effect and Anticancer Activity of New Essential-Oil Based Phytoncide Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7012-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert","family":"Iwi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"AdiFeed Sp. z o.o., Opaczewska, 02-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henryk","family":"R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AdiFeed Sp. z o.o., Opaczewska, 02-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Industrial and Experimental Biology, Institute for Health and Economics, Carpathian State College in Krosno, 38-400 Krosno, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2583-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Pachura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wojciechowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Scholar, 02-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8742-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"G\u0119barowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9058-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Szumny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022). World Malaria Report 2022, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2023, January 23). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109634","article-title":"A flow cytometric method for enumeration and speciation of coccidia affecting broiler chickens","volume":"301","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102584","article-title":"Interaction between live vaccines for coccidiosis and phytogenic compounds in the diet of broilers","volume":"89","author":"Pagnussatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102090","article-title":"Low prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in swine from slaughter houses in the central of China","volume":"76","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.05.001","article-title":"Control and prevention of emerging parasitic zoonoses","volume":"38","author":"Chomel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.01.023","article-title":"Drug Resistance in Protozoan Parasites: An Incessant Wrestle for Survival","volume":"18","author":"Pramanik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.08.016","article-title":"Cytotoxic effect of amide derivatives of trifluoromethionine against the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"35","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Strategy to Respond to Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Africa, WHO."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.05.006","article-title":"Front-line glioblastoma chemotherapeutic temozolomide is toxic to Trypanosoma brucei and potently enhances melarsoprol and eflornithine","volume":"178","author":"Steverding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.12.018","article-title":"Quinoline-based antimalarial hybrid compounds","volume":"23","author":"Vandekerckhove","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO (2022). WHO Guidelines for Malaria, WHO."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2901","article-title":"Antiprotozoa activity of some essential oils","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2006.12067134","article-title":"The Biological Activities of 20 Nature Identical Essential Oil Constituents","volume":"18","author":"Seatlholo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113635","article-title":"An enquiry into antileishmanial activity and quantitative analysis of polyhydroxylated steroidal saponins from Solanum paniculatum L. leaves","volume":"191","author":"Zanatta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.102939","article-title":"Synthesis and systemic toxicity assessment of quinine-triazole scaffold with antiprotozoal potency","volume":"88","author":"Sahu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"108244","article-title":"In vitro activity of cinnamaldehyde on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis","volume":"236\u2013237","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2018.09.008","article-title":"Phyto\u2014Monoterpene linalool as precursor to synthesis epoxides and hydroperoxides as anti carcinogenic agents via thermal and photo chemical oxidation reactions","volume":"12","author":"Elgendy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-009-9345-2","article-title":"Eugenol inhibits cell proliferation via NF-\u03baB suppression in a rat model of gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG","volume":"29","author":"Manikandan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34055-w","article-title":"In-vitro evaluation of apoptotic effect of OEO and thymol in 2D and 3D cell cultures and the study of their interaction mode with DNA","volume":"8","author":"Jamali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18644-9","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antitumor potential of carvacrol nanoemulsion against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells via mitochondrial mediated apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Izham, M.N., Hussin, Y., Aziz, M.N.M., Yeap, S.K., Rahman, H.S., Masarudin, M.J., Mohamad, N.E., Abdullah, R., and Alitheen, N.B. (2019). Preparation and Characterization of Self Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System Loaded with Citraland Its Antiproliferative Effect on Colorectal Cells In Vitro. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9071028"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112514","article-title":"Essential oils as anticancer agents: Potential role in malignancies, drug delivery mechanisms, and immune system enhancement","volume":"146","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.177","article-title":"Physiochemical characterization, antioxidative, anticancer cells proliferation and food pathogens antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Cyperus articulatus rhizome essential oils","volume":"123","author":"Kavaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01585","article-title":"Experimental evidence for use of Acorus calamus (asarone) for cancer chemoprevention","volume":"5","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1533\/9781855738355.1.53","article-title":"Under-utilized herbs and spices","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Ravindran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Handbook Herbs Spices"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"145","article-title":"Anti-carcinogenic and anti-angiogenic properties of the extracts of Acorus calamus on gastric cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Asadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2005.04.004","article-title":"Novel lectins from rhizomes of two Acorus species with mitogenic activity and inhibitory potential towards murine cancer cell lines","volume":"5","author":"Bains","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.12.008","article-title":"\u03b2-Asarone induces senescence in colorectal cancer cells by inducing lamin B1 expression","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.30616\/ajb.391985","article-title":"Effects of Acorus calamus plant extract on prostate cancer cell culture","volume":"2","author":"Koca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111558","article-title":"Garlic clove extract assisted silver nanoparticle\u2014Antibacterial, antibiofilm, antihelminthic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and ecotoxicity assessment","volume":"198","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133671","article-title":"Anticancer and cytotoxicity evaluation of silver-cinnamon nanoshells","volume":"334","author":"Salim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00028a037","article-title":"Flavor artifacts","volume":"41","author":"Block","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1556\/JFC-D-13-00013","article-title":"Flow Synthesis of Symmetrical Di- and Trisulfides Using Phase-Transfer Catalysis","volume":"3","author":"Baker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Flow Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13534","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC05562B","article-title":"Trisulfides over disulfides: Highly selective synthetic strategies, anti-proliferative activities and sustained H2S release profiles","volume":"55","author":"Bhattacherjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1134\/S107036321704034X","article-title":"Investigation of coordination ability of Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) with metronidazole, the antiprotozoal drug, in alkaline media: Synthesis and spectroscopic studies","volume":"87","author":"Refat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Russ. J. Gen. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2012.01.010","article-title":"New achievements on biological aspects of copper complexes Casiope\u00ednas\u00ae: Interaction with DNA and proteins and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity","volume":"109","author":"Becco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"167","article-title":"Antiprotozoal Activity of Essential Oils","volume":"77","author":"Monzote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Conspec. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.01.018","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: Activity of essential oils from Achillea millefolium L., Syzygium aromaticum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes","volume":"116","author":"Santoro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.064709-0","article-title":"Apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by eugenol-rich oil of Syzygium aromaticum","volume":"63","author":"Islamuddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2019.1688689","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil, its Major Compound and its Derivatives","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2001.9699693","article-title":"Essential Oil from Buds and Leaves of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry) Grown in Cuba","volume":"13","author":"Pino","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030082","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4991186","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud essential oil from Java and Manado","volume":"1862","author":"Amelia","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"24029","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antitumor Properties of Medicinal and Spice Plants from Croatia","volume":"31","author":"Pepeljnjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. J. Sci. Tech. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1934578X1601101120","article-title":"Detection and Identification of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Components of Essential Oils by TLC-Biodetection and GC-MS","volume":"11","author":"Ott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.04.056","article-title":"Analysis and evaluation of essential oil components of cinnamon barks using GC\u2013MS and FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/acs-2022-0001","article-title":"Ceylon cinnamon and clove essential oils as promising free radical scavengers for skin care products","volume":"15","author":"Kreps","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Slovaca"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"32","article-title":"In Vitro Antiamoebic Activity of Iranian Allium sativum in Comparison with Metronidazole against Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"3","author":"Behnia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2010.10.005","article-title":"Metal-based drugs for malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Recent achievements and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Navarro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"685","article-title":"Essential oils: Renewal of interest and toxicity","volume":"20","author":"Vigan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol. EJD"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.05.055","article-title":"A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils","volume":"62","author":"Raut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2022.102175","article-title":"Evaluation of anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis) essential oil and its Nanoemulgel","volume":"55","author":"Eid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Ramadan, M.F. (2022). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.02.080","article-title":"Impact of allicin on macrophage activity","volume":"134","author":"Haase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.11.020","article-title":"Anticancer potential of garlic and its bioactive constituents: A systematic and comprehensive review","volume":"73","author":"Barton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Dogiel, W.A. (1972). Zoologia Bezkr\u0119gowc\u00f3w, Pa\u0144stwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Le\u015bne. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hempel-Zawitkowska, J. (2006). Zoologia dla Uczelni Rolniczych, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Pawlaczyk-Szpilowa, M. (1980). \u0106wiczenia z Mikrobiologii Wody i \u015aciek\u00f3w, PWN."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112643","article-title":"Nanowatt simple microcalorimetry for dynamically monitoring the defense mechanism of Paramecium caudatum","volume":"323","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)61758-6","article-title":"Chapter 12 Methods in Paramecium Research","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Prescott","year":"1970","journal-title":"Methods in Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128996","article-title":"A new pilot-scale fermentation mode enhances Euglena gracilis biomass and paramylon (\u03b2-1,3-glucan) production","volume":"321","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-009-0024-4","article-title":"Anti-Pentatrichomonas hominis activity of newly synthesized benzimidazole derivatives\u2014In vitro studies","volume":"54","author":"Chomicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettlaff, T.A., and Vassetzky, S.G. (1990). Animal Species for Developmental Studies: Volume 1 Invertebrates, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0503-3"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2020.125691","article-title":"Karyotypic instability of endoprophase and mitotic cells of Amoeba sp. strain Cont from the \u201cproteus-type\u201d group (Amoebozoa, Euamoebida, Amoebidae)","volume":"74","author":"Demin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Protistol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Moraczewski, J. (1974). \u0106wiczenia z Zoologii Bezkr\u0119gowc\u00f3w, PWN. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111183","article-title":"Chemical profiling and cytotoxic activity of 150-year old original sample of Jerusalem Balsam","volume":"138","author":"Pawlak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1137","article-title":"A retention index calculator simplifies identification of plant volatile organic compounds","volume":"20","author":"Lucero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2012). Identification of Essential Oils by Ion Trap Mass Spectroscopy, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12042","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ06440G","article-title":"Design and functionalization of bioactive benzoxazines. An unexpected ortho-substitution effect","volume":"43","author":"Zalewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/3\/1395\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:21:19Z","timestamp":1760120479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/3\/1395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28031395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28031395","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}}}