{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:35:48Z","timestamp":1784345748915,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Center for Biosaline Agriculture core fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild plants supply food and shelter to several organisms; they also act as important sources of many nutrients and pharmaceutical agents for mankind. These plants are widely used in traditional medicinal systems and folk medicines. The present study analyzed the nutritional and proximate composition of various compounds in selected wild plants available in the UAE, viz., Chenopodium murale L., Dipterygium glaucum Decne., Heliotropium digynum Asch. ex C.Chr., Heliotropium kotschyi G\u00fcrke., Salsola imbricata Forssk., Tribulus pentandrus Forssk., Zygophyllum qatarense Hadidi. The predominant amino acids detected in the plants were glycine, threonine, histidine, cysteine, proline, serine, and tyrosine; the highest quantities were observed in H. digynum and T. pentandrus. The major fatty acids present were long-chain saturated fatty acids; however, lauric acid was only present in S. imbricata. The presence of essential fatty acids such as oleic acid, \u03b1-Linoleic acid, and linolenic acid was observed in H. digynum, S. imbricata, and H. kotschyi. These plants also exhibited higher content of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, ash, and fiber. The predominant vitamins in the plants were vitamin B complex and vitamin C. C. murale had higher vitamin A, whereas vitamin B complex was seen in T. pentandrus and D. glaucum. The phosphorus and zinc content were high in T. pentandrus; the nitrogen, calcium, and potassium contents were high in H. digynum, and D. glaucum. Overall, these plants, especially H. digynum and T. pentandrus contain high amounts of nutritionally active compounds and important antioxidants including trace elements and vitamins. The results from the experiment provide an understanding of the nutritional composition of these desert plant species and can be better utilized as important agents for pharmacological drug discovery, food, and sustainable livestock production in the desert ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T01:35:13Z","timestamp":1675647313000},"page":"1504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Proximate Composition and Nutritional Values of Selected Wild Plants of the United Arab Emirates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Crop Diversification, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai P.O. Box 14660, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7463-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Crop Diversification, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai P.O. Box 14660, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2641-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumitha","family":"Thushar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Crop Diversification, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai P.O. Box 14660, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785517","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.785517","article-title":"Eco-Physiological Responses of Native Desert Plant Species to Drought and Nutritional Levels: Case of Kuwait","volume":"10","author":"Madouh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAO (2010). The Second Report on the State of the World\u2019s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, A.M., and Barata, A.M. (2016). The Consumption of Wild Edible Plants. Wild Plants Mushrooms Nuts Functional Food Properties and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118944653.ch6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-015-0466-5","article-title":"Improving diets with wild and cultivated biodiversity from across the landscape","volume":"7","author":"Powell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ogle, B.M. (2001). Wild Vegetables and Micronutrient Nutrition: Studies on the Significance of Wild Vegetables in Women\u2019s Diets in Vietnam. [Ph.D. Thesis, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux040","article-title":"Critical review of the emerging research evidence on agricultural biodiversity, diet diversity, and nutritional status in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"75","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2014.03.005","article-title":"Safety nets, gap filling, and forests: A global-comparative perspective","volume":"64","author":"Wunder","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"FAO, WFP, and IFAD (2012). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012 Economic Growth Is Necessary but Not Sufficient to Accelerate Reduction of Hunger and Malnutrition, FAO."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.10.020","article-title":"Wild edible plants: Nutritional and toxicological characteristics, retrieval strategies and importance for today\u2019s society","volume":"110","author":"Pinela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89437-4","article-title":"Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21138","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219753","article-title":"Antioxidant Phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467214666210120152657","article-title":"Natural Products as PI3K\/Akt Inhibitors: Implications in Preventing hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Narayanankutty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2021.1926476","article-title":"Borassus flabellifer Linn haustorium methanol extract mitigates fluoride-induced apoptosis by enhancing Nrf2\/Haeme oxygenase 1\u2014Dependent glutathione metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Job","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217\u201312-26","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450120666190618123846","article-title":"PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway as a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer: A review of preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"20","author":"Narayanankutty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450120666181211111815","article-title":"Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs): A Novel Target for Cancer Metastasis Prevention","volume":"20","author":"Vinayak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, D.O. (2016). B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and efficacy\u2014A review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020068"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12446","article-title":"Vitamin C: The known and the unknown and Goldilocks","volume":"22","author":"Padayatty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlFadhly, N.K.Z., Alhelfi, N., Altemimi, A.B., Verma, D.K., Cacciola, F., and Narayanankutty, A. (2022). Trends and technological advancements in the possible food applications of spirulina and their health benefits: A review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175584"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheiermann, E., Puppa, M.A., Rink, L., and Wessels, I. (2022). Zinc status impacts the epidermal growth factor receptor and downstream protein expression in A549 cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042270"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooten, D.J., Sinha, I., and Sinha, R. (2022). Selenium induces pancreatic cancer cell death alone and in combination with gemcitabine. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010149"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"131","article-title":"New flowering plant species records for the United Arab Emirates","volume":"24","author":"Shahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribulus"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Karim, F., and Dakheel, A.J. (2006). Salt Tolerant Plants of the United Arab Emirates, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"El-Ghonemy, A. (1993). Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants of the United Arab Emirates, University of United Arab Emirates Press."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Medicinal plants diversity and their conservation status in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)","volume":"6","author":"Sakkir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.05.001","article-title":"Biodiversity and nutrition: A common path toward global food security and sustainable development","volume":"19","author":"Toledo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, E.N., Pearsall, D.M., Hunn, E.S., and Turner, N.J. (2011). Ethnobiology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118015872"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"26","article-title":"Studies on Nutritional Values of Some Wild Edible Plants from Iran and India","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, November 02). Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:873398-1."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, November 02). Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77121007-1."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, September 07). Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chenopodiastrum_murale."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, September 11). Available online: https:\/\/www.ddcr.org\/florafauna\/Detail.aspx?Class=Plants&Referrer=Capparaceae%20(Shrubs)&Subclass=Shrubs&Id=221."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, September 11). Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/3873162."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-2530(17)30056-7","article-title":"Leaf surface and anatomy in Boraginaceae tribe Boraginaceae with respect to ecology and taxonomy","volume":"196","author":"Selvi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities","volume":"403","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2022, October 17). Available online: https:\/\/www.ddcr.org\/florafauna\/Detail.aspx?Class=Plants&Referrer=Boraginaceae%20(Shrubs)&Subclass=Shrubs&Id=264."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, October 17). Available online: https:\/\/www.ddcr.org\/florafauna\/Detail.aspx?Class=Plants&Referrer=Boraginaceae%20(Shrubs)&Subclass=Shrubs&Id=220."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2022, October 24). Available online: http:\/\/data.rbge.org.uk\/herb\/E00558486."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2022, September 11). Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/occurrence\/574689181."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900210","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.900210","article-title":"Exploring suitability of Salsola imbricata (Fetid Saltwort) for salinity and drought conditions: A step toward sustainable landscaping under changing climate","volume":"13","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.A., Benno, B., Hans-J\u00f6rg, B., and German, K.S. (2006). Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume II: West and Central Asia, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5072-5"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"353","article-title":"Triterpene saponins from Salsola imbricata","volume":"4","author":"Hamed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Retief, E. (2009). Zygophyllum, South African National Biodiversity Institute. Available online: https:\/\/www.plantzafrica.com."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2022, September 11). Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160122050413\/http:\/\/www.arkive.org\/zygophyllum\/zygophyllum-qatarense\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ghazanfar, S.A., and Fisher, M. (2013). Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulaziz, H., Abuzinada Hans-J\u00f6rg, B., Krupp, F., B\u00f6er, B., and Al Abdessalaam, Z.T. (2008). Protecting the Gulf\u2019s Marine Ecosystems from Pollution, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-7947-6"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.2001.0864","article-title":"Microfungal community associated with rhizosphere soil of Zygophyllum qatarense in arid habitats of Bahrain","volume":"50","author":"Mandeel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2022, December 28). Available online: https:\/\/arkbiodiv.com\/2017\/01\/08\/the-strong-and-resilient-plant-of-desert-zygophyllum-zygophyllum-qatarense\/."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"321","article-title":"Nutritional composition of leaves of Chenopodium species (C. album L., C. murale L. and C. opulifolium Shraeder)","volume":"5","author":"Guerrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"443","article-title":"The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries","volume":"73","author":"Pelletier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)08023-8","article-title":"The effect of diet on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease","volume":"88","author":"Krummel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet Assoc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/09709274.2004.11905698","article-title":"Proximate composition of underutilized green leafy vegetables in southern Karnataka","volume":"15","author":"Sheela","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Human Ecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/food.19890331023","article-title":"Compositional evaluation of some cowpea varieties and some under-utilized edible legumes in Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Aletor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nahrung"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970470l","article-title":"Scavenging effect of water-soluble proteins in broad beans on free radicals and active oxygen species","volume":"42","author":"Okada","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(99)00213-0","article-title":"Glutamine-antioxidant supplementation increases body cell mass in aids patients with weight loss: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Shabert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2011.555.557","article-title":"Amino acid profile and micronutrient composition of the African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) pulp","volume":"10","author":"Onuegbu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10448","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00033a017","article-title":"Continuous analysis of the mechanism of activated transbilayer lipid movement in platelets","volume":"34","author":"Williamson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-1575(90)90007-9","article-title":"Nutrient values in indigenous wild plant greens and roots used by the Nuxalk people of Bella Coola, British Columbia","volume":"3","author":"Kuhnlein","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Food Composit. Anal."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00025a013","article-title":"Lipid classes, fatty acids, and tocopherols of leaves of six edible plant species","volume":"41","author":"Sridhar","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-012-0677-0","article-title":"Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods\u2014A review","volume":"51","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.560s","article-title":"Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease","volume":"70","author":"Simopoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Aloskar, L.V., Kakkar, K.K., and Chakra, O.J. (1992). Second Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principles, Part-I (A\u2013K), 1965\u20131981, NISC, CSIR."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Cabellero, B. (2003). Lupin. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1466","article-title":"Chemical composition of some underutilized green leafy vegetables of Sonitpur district of Assam, India","volume":"22","author":"Saha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"554","article-title":"Nutritional analysis of indigenous wild edible herbs used in Eastern Chattisgarh, India","volume":"23","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emir. J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Effect of solvent extraction system on the antioxidant activity of some selected wild leafy vegetables of Meghalaya state in India","volume":"4","author":"Seal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"39","article-title":"Nutritional analysis of some selected wild edible plants consumed by the tribal people of Meghalaya state in India","volume":"1","author":"Seal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2013.12972","article-title":"Nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals and toxic heavy metals analysis of Trianthema portulacastrum L., a wild edible plant from Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"88","article-title":"Physicochemical analysis of ash of some medicinal plants growing in Uttarakhand. India","volume":"8","author":"Vermani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"35","article-title":"Nutritional composition of some leafy vegetables consumed in Imo State, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Iheanacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2022, December 28). Available online: https:\/\/arkbiodiv.com\/2019\/05\/23\/plants-that-are-liked-such-as-icecream-by-the-camels-part-4\/."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2022, December 30). FAO\/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/y2809e\/y2809e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2010.09.009","article-title":"Nutrition indicator for biodiversity on food composition. A report on the progress of data availability","volume":"24","author":"Stadlmayr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2004)058[0286:WEPOTS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: Nutritive values of selected species","volume":"58","author":"Sundriyal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"117","article-title":"Mineral content of some wild green leafy vegetables of North-East India","volume":"5","author":"Saikia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.11.004","article-title":"Nutritional quality and safety aspects of wild vegetables consume in Bangladesh","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-Elgawad, A.M., Elshamy, A.I., Alrowaily, S.L., Rowaily, L., and El-Amier, Y.A. (2019). Habitat affects the chemical profile, allelopathy, and antioxidant properties of essential oils and phenolphenolic-enriched of the invasive plant Heliotropium curassavicum. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110482"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"288","article-title":"Automated in-situ soil salinity logging in irrigated agriculture","volume":"26","author":"Shahid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.04.078","article-title":"Protein and amino acid composition of select wild legume species of tribe Fabaceae","volume":"163","author":"Juan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1969","article-title":"Lipid composition and antioxidant activities of some underused wild plant seeds from Burundi","volume":"9","author":"Niyukuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2021.104569","article-title":"Elemental localisation and a reduced glutathione redox state protect seeds of the halophyte Suaeda maritima from salinity during over-wintering and germination","volume":"190","author":"Szymansky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Helrich, K. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Agricultural Chemical, Contaminants, Drugs, AOAC. [15th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/law.resource.org\/pub\/us\/cfr\/ibr\/002\/aoac.methods.1.1990.pdf."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Siew, W.L., Tang, T.S., and Tan, Y.A. (1995). PORIM Test Methods Vol. 1, Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.169035","article-title":"Phytochemical screening, proximate analysis and antioxidant activity of Dracaena reflexa Lam. Leaves","volume":"77","author":"Shukla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. J. Pharm.Sci."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31071150","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000}}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/3\/1504\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:23:31Z","timestamp":1774963411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/3\/1504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28031504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28031504","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}}}