{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:24:00Z","timestamp":1791206640421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wilson\u2019s disease causes copper accumulation in the liver and extrahepatic organs. The available therapies aim to lower copper levels by various means. However, a potent drug that can repair the damaged liver and brain tissue is needed. Silymarin has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. However, poor oral bioavailability reduces its efficacy. In this study, a \u201cthin film hydration method\u201d was used for synthesizing silymarin-encapsulated liposome nanoparticles (SLNPs) and evaluated them against copper toxicity, associated liver dysfunction and neurobehavioral abnormalities in Wistar rats. After copper toxicity induction, serological and behavioral assays were conducted to evaluate treatment approaches. Histological examination of the diseased rats revealed severe hepatocyte necrosis and neuronal vacuolation. These cellular degenerations were mild in rats treated with SLNPs and a combination of zinc and SLNPs (ZSLNPs). SLNPs also decreased liver enzymes and enhanced rats\u2019 spatial memory significantly (p = 0.006) in the diseased rats. During forced swim tests, SLNPs treated rats exhibited a 60-s reduction in the immobility period, indicating reduced depression. ZSLNPs were significantly more effective than traditional zinc therapy in decreasing the immobility period (p = 0.0008) and reducing liver enzymes, but not in improving spatial memory. Overall, SLNPs enhanced oral silymarin administration and managed copper toxicity symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T01:35:13Z","timestamp":1675647313000},"page":"1514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Silymarin Encapsulated Liposomal Formulation: An Effective Treatment Modality against Copper Toxicity Associated Liver Dysfunction and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tuba","family":"Maryam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3855-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nosheen Fatima","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6194-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan M.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhat","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misha","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahreem","family":"Tanweer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-6275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma Saleh","family":"Alrdahe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmene F.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2400-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifat","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6758-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima S.","family":"Alaryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer Sohail","family":"Kashif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Menaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine and Nanomedicine, California Innovations Corporation, 9, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.07.007","article-title":"Genetics of Wilsons Disease","volume":"16","author":"Behari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Park. 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