{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:41:14Z","timestamp":1790030474900,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["NU\/IFC\/ENT\/01\/010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU\/IFC\/ENT\/01\/010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is counted among one of the leading challenges in the recent era, and it is a life-threatening disorder. Compound 4-hydroxy 3-methoxy phenylacetone (compound 1) was previously isolated from Polygonum\u00a0aviculare. This compound was reacted with N-benzylmaleimide to synthesize the targeted compound 3. The purpose of this research is to exhibit our developed compound 3\u2019s ability to concurrently inhibit many targets that are responsible for hyperglycemia. Compound 3 was capable of inhibiting \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B. Even so, outstanding in vitro inhibition was shown by the compound against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) with an IC50 value of 0.07 \u00b5M. Additionally, by using DPPH in the antioxidant activity, it exhibited good antioxidant potential. Similarly, in the in vivo activity, the experimental mice proved to be safe by treatment with compound 3. After 21 days of examination, the compound 3 activity pattern was found to be effective in experimental mice. Compound 3 decreased the excess peak of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST, ALT, ALP, LDL, BUN, and creatinine in the STZ-induced diabetic mice. Likewise, the histopathology of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas of the treated animals was also evaluated. Overall, the succinimde moiety, such as compound 3, can affect several targets simultaneously, and, finally, we were successful in synthesizing a multi-targeted preclinical therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T01:32:05Z","timestamp":1675819925000},"page":"1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploration of Succinimide Derivative as a Multi-Target, Anti-Diabetic Agent: In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4837-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mater H.","family":"Mahnashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8329-9180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Huneif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alqahtani","family":"Abdulwahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6186-6076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Jamaan","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled S.","family":"Alshaibari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0154-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2411-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Saeed","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.08.017","article-title":"Serum cystatin C as an indicator for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Elsayed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. 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