{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:57:42Z","timestamp":1777892262904,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFD1801000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1801000"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["U22A20523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20523"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["32102722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102722"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["JLUXKJC2021QZ04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLUXKJC2021QZ04"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFD1801000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1801000"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A20523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20523"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32102722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102722"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JLUXKJC2021QZ04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLUXKJC2021QZ04"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Integration and Innovation Project of JLU","award":["2021YFD1801000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1801000"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Integration and Innovation Project of JLU","award":["U22A20523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20523"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Integration and Innovation Project of JLU","award":["32102722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102722"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Integration and Innovation Project of JLU","award":["JLUXKJC2021QZ04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLUXKJC2021QZ04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a major virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), listeriolysin O (LLO) can assist in the immune escape of L. monocytogenes, which is critical for the pathogen to evade host immune recognition, leading to various infectious diseases. Cinnamon twig (CT), as a traditional medicine, has been widely used in clinics for multiple functions and it has exhibited excellent safety, efficacy and stability. There are few reports on the effects of the extracts of traditional medicine on bacterial virulence factors. CT has not been reported to be effective in the treatment of L. monocytogenes infection. Therefore, this study aims to explore the preventive effect of CT against L. monocytogenes infection in vivo and in vitro by targeting LLO. Firstly, a hemolysis assay and a cell viability determination are used to detect the effect of CT extract on the inhibition of the cytolytic activity of LLO. The potential mechanism through which CT extract inhibits LLO activity is predicted through network pharmacology, molecular docking assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting and circular dichroism (CD) analysis. The experimental therapeutic effect of CT extract is examined in a mouse model infected with L. monocytogenes. Then, the ingredients are identified through a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. Here we find that CT extract, containing mainly cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, \u03b2-sitosterol, taxifolin, catechin and epicatechin, shows a potential inhibition of LLO-mediated hemolysis without any antimicrobial activity. The results of the mechanism research show that CT extract treatment can simultaneously inhibit LLO expression and oligomerization. Furthermore, the addition of CT extract led to a remarkable alleviation of LLO-induced cytotoxicity. After treatment with CT extract, the mortality, bacterial load, pathological damage and inflammatory responses of infected mice are significantly reduced when compared with the untreated group. This study suggests that CT extract can be a novel and multicomponent inhibitor of LLO with multiple strategies against L. monocytogenes infection, which could be further developed into a novel treatment for infections caused by L. monocytogenes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T03:57:16Z","timestamp":1675828636000},"page":"1625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Application of Cinnamon Twig Extract as an Inhibitor of Listeriolysin O against Listeria monocytogenes Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiushuang","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jichuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runbao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuming","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongmei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonglin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, 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