{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:21:58Z","timestamp":1790792518774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-20-1-0064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-20-1-0064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC22M0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22M0025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2000310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2100710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100710"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2122067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2122067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"DoD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-1542174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1542174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PR NASA EPSCoR","award":["FA9550-20-1-0064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-20-1-0064"]}]},{"name":"PR NASA EPSCoR","award":["80NSSC22M0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22M0025"]}]},{"name":"PR NASA EPSCoR","award":["2000310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000310"]}]},{"name":"PR NASA EPSCoR","award":["2100710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100710"]}]},{"name":"PR NASA EPSCoR","award":["2122067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2122067"]}]},{"name":"PR NASA EPSCoR","award":["ECCS-1542174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1542174"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["FA9550-20-1-0064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-20-1-0064"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["80NSSC22M0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22M0025"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2000310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000310"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2100710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100710"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2122067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2122067"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["ECCS-1542174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1542174"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundatio","award":["FA9550-20-1-0064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-20-1-0064"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundatio","award":["80NSSC22M0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22M0025"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundatio","award":["2000310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000310"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundatio","award":["2100710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2100710"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundatio","award":["2122067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2122067"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundatio","award":["ECCS-1542174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1542174"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized via a block copolymer-assisted hydrothermal method and the phase purity and the crystal structure were investigated by X-ray diffraction. The Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffractometer spectra shows the hexagonal phase symmetry of \u03b1-Fe2O3. Further, the vibrational study suggests Raman active modes: 2A1g + 5Eg associated with \u03b1-Fe2O3, which corroborates the Rietveld analysis and orbital analysis of 2PFe. The superparamagnetic behavior is confirmed by magnetic measurements performed by the physical properties measurement system. The systematic study of the Congo red (CR) interaction with IONPs using a UV-visible spectrophotometer and a liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry system equipped with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer and an electrospray ionization interface shows effective adsorption. In visible light, the Fe2O3 nanoparticles get easily excited and generate electrons and holes. The photogenerated electrons reduce the Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions. The Fe2+\/H2O2 oxidizes CR by the Fenton mechanism. The strong adsorption ability of prepared nanoparticles towards dyes attributes the potential candidates for wastewater treatment and other catalytic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T01:32:56Z","timestamp":1676597576000},"page":"1914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Block Copolymer-Assisted Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Effective Removal of Congo Red"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8227-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan K.","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, PR 00936-8377, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6538-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses D.","family":"Ashie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sita","family":"Dugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, PR 00936-8377, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-3554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Services Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4651-7393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bishnu P.","family":"Bastakoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Morell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, PR 00936-8377, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0886-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram S.","family":"Katiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, PR 00936-8377, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13819","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b01000","article-title":"Revisiting of Pd Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: All-Round Excellence of Porous Pd Nanoplates in Gene-Thermo Combinational Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1267708","article-title":"Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Modern Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"43","author":"Dinali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.108935","article-title":"Iron-Based Nanoparticles and Their Potential Toxicity: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis","volume":"316","author":"Paunovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NANO.0000006109.37251.fd","article-title":"Formation of Silica-Embedded Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles in Low-Pressure Flames","volume":"5","author":"Janzen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-3373(02)00297-7","article-title":"The Removal of Carbon Monoxide by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1039\/C6GC00864J","article-title":"Fe3O4 (Iron Oxide)-Supported Nanocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Coupling Reactions","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaa8075","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8075","article-title":"Function-Led Design of New Porous Materials","volume":"348","author":"Slater","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.09.013","article-title":"Recent Advances in Iron Oxide Nanocrystal Technology for Medical Imaging","volume":"58","author":"Corot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700306","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700306","article-title":"Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications","volume":"6","author":"Mosayebi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Heal. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.03.073","article-title":"Superparamagnetic High-Surface-Area Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as Adsorbents for Arsenic Removal","volume":"217\u2013218","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11369","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b21521","article-title":"In-Depth Understanding of the Morphology Effect of \u03b1-Fe2O3 on Catalytic Ethane Destruction","volume":"11","author":"Jian","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2018.15345","article-title":"Applications of Metal Nanoparticles as Catalysts in Cleaning Dyes Containing Industrial Effluents: A Review","volume":"18","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.101017","article-title":"Green Synthesis of P-NiO\/n-ZnO Nanocomposites: Excellent Adsorbent for Removal of Congo Red and Efficient Catalyst for Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol Present in Wastewater","volume":"33","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhiman, P., Sharma, G., Alodhayb, A.N., Kumar, A., Rana, G., Sithole, T., and ALOthman, Z.A. (2022). Constructing a Visible-Active CoFe2O4@Bi2O3\/NiO Nanoheterojunction as Magnetically Recoverable Photocatalyst with Boosted Ofloxacin Degradation Efficiency. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238234"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-008-9174-9","article-title":"Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Surface Functionalization Strategies","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3315","article-title":"Functionalized Magnetic Iron Oxide\/Alginate Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Targeting Hyperthermia","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1021\/cn100100e","article-title":"Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Promises for Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massironi, N., Colombo, M., Cosentino, C., Fiandra, L., Mauri, M., Kayal, Y., Testa, F., Torri, G., Urso, E., and Vismara, E. (2022). Heparin\u2013Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27207116"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124562","article-title":"Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to the Microalga Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii","volume":"238","author":"Salas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.08.090","article-title":"Enhancement in Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Mg2+ Substituted Highly Porous Super Paramagnetic Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles with Williamson-Hall Plots Mechanistic View","volume":"43","author":"Hirthna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSC.0000039199.56155.f9","article-title":"Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles","volume":"39","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900197g","article-title":"Erratum: Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications","volume":"110","author":"Laurent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1021\/la020037s","article-title":"Preparation of Narrow Size Distribution Superparamagnetic \u03b3-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles in a Sol-Gel Transparent SiO2 Matrix","volume":"18","author":"Moreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.109782","article-title":"Degradation of Methyl Orange Using Iron Nanoparticles with\/without Support at Different Conditions","volume":"292","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460552","article-title":"Magnetically Separable, Carbon-Supported Nanocatalysts for the Manufacture of Fine Chemicals","volume":"43","author":"Tsang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Inter. Ed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.8b00016","article-title":"T1- and T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Dual Contrast by Single Core Truncated Cubic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Abrupt Cellular Internalization and Immune Evasion","volume":"1","author":"Thapa","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2172891","article-title":"Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1021\/ar400236y","article-title":"Polymer- and Dendrimer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as Versatile Supports for Catalysts, Scavengers, and Reagents","volume":"47","author":"Kainz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acc Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14772","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-022-07564-3","article-title":"Block Copolymer Templated Synthesis of Mesoporous WO3\/Carbon Nanocomposites","volume":"57","author":"Bentley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15761","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NJ02997E","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of a Mesoporous TiO2 film Templated by a Block Copolymer for Photocatalytic Applications","volume":"45","author":"Olatidoye","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9986","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra47490a","article-title":"Synthesis of Porous Iron Oxide Microspheres by a Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymer","volume":"4","author":"Bastakoti","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwish, M.S.A., Mostafa, M.H., and Al-Harbi, L.M. (2022). Polymeric Nanocomposites for Environmental and Industrial Applications. Int J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031023"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2991(00)80063-4","article-title":"Shear Strength of Mineral Filter Cakes","volume":"Volume 128","author":"Ozcan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16209","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5037266","article-title":"Surfactant Effects on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"118","author":"Filippousi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9150","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc32945j","article-title":"Block Copolymer Assisted Synthesis of Porous \u03b1-Ni(OH)2 Microflowers with High Surface Areas as Electrochemical Pseudocapacitor Materials","volume":"48","author":"Bastakoti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4946885","article-title":"Research Update: Triblock Copolymers as Templates to Synthesize Inorganic Nanoporous Materials","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"APL Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/16\/5\/005","article-title":"A Study of the Core Level Electrons in Iron and Its Three Oxides by Means of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-017-3646-4","article-title":"A Stable Fe2O3\/Expanded Perlite Composite Catalyst for Degradation of Rhodamine B in Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton System","volume":"228","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9517(92)90295-S","article-title":"The Nature of the Iron Oxide-Based Catalyst for Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene to Styrene 2. Surface Chemistry of the Active Phase","volume":"138","author":"Muhler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2007.09.063","article-title":"Analysis of XPS Spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ Ions in Oxide Materials","volume":"254","author":"Yamashita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71703-6","article-title":"Assessing Magnetic and Inductive Thermal Properties of Various Surfactants Functionalised Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia","volume":"10","author":"Rajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012025","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/196\/1\/012025","article-title":"Risdiana Synthesis and Properties of Iron Oxide Particles Prepared by Hydrothermal Method","volume":"196","author":"Saragi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2020.100042","article-title":"A Review on Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Biological Applications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Samrot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1063\/1.327451","article-title":"Crystal Structure and Isothermal Compression of Fe2O3, Cr2O3, and V2O3 to 50 Kbars","volume":"51","author":"Finger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34103","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0053176","article-title":"Effect of La and Sc Co-Doping on Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties of PZT for Energy Storage Capacitors","volume":"130","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-011-0669-4","article-title":"Crystal Structure of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Ferritin","volume":"14","author":"Krispin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcrysgrow.2008.08.003","article-title":"Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"55","author":"Teja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuchma, E., Kubrin, S., and Soldatov, A. (2018). The Local Atomic Structure of Colloidal Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Theranostics in Oncology. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6030078"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1154\/1.2179804","article-title":"R Factors in Rietveld Analysis: How Good Is Good Enough?","volume":"21","author":"Toby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Powder Diffr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabiei, M., Palevicius, A., Monshi, A., Nasiri, S., Vilkauskas, A., and Janusas, G. (2020). Comparing Methods for Calculating Nano Crystal Size of Natural Hydroxyapatite Using X-Ray Diffraction. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091627"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.03.414","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3) Nanoparticle Forms: Synthesis Conditions, Structure, Particle Shape Analysis, Cytotoxicity and Magnetic Properties","volume":"792","author":"Tadic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NA00064J","article-title":"Raman Spectroscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanocrystals for Bio-Related Applications","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2017.07.066","article-title":"Control of the Shape and Size of Iron Oxide (\u03b1-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles Synthesized through the Chemical Precipitation Method","volume":"7","author":"Lassoued","year":"2017","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144423","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.72.144423","article-title":"Nonequilibrium Magnetic Properties of Single-Crystalline La0.7Ca0.3CoO3","volume":"72","author":"Kundu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.146459","article-title":"Observation of Relaxor-Ferroelectric Behavior in Gallium Ferrite Thin Films","volume":"523","author":"Dugu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108241","article-title":"Phase Structure Dependence of Magnetic Behaviour in Iron Oxide Nanorods","volume":"185","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2007.03.085","article-title":"Surfactant Effects in Magnetite Nanoparticles of Controlled Size","volume":"316","author":"Guardia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141121266","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoparticles: Surface Effects and Properties Related to Biomedicine Applications","volume":"14","author":"Issa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00354B","article-title":"Recent Advances on the Removal of Dyes from Wastewater Using Various Adsorbents: A Critical Review","volume":"2","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10272","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA23545F","article-title":"Hierarchically Porous NiO\u2013Al2O3 Nanocomposite with Enhanced Congo Red Adsorption in Water","volume":"6","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2014.05.010","article-title":"Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Platanus Orientalis Leaf Powder: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies","volume":"21","author":"Peydayesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Indus. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21812","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP03062A","article-title":"Chemical Design of a Smart Chitosan\u2013Polypyrrole\u2013Magnetite Nanocomposite toward Efficient Water Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Ayad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74646-0","article-title":"Fenton Reaction Mechanism Generating No OH Radicals in Nafion Membrane Decomposition","volume":"10","author":"Tsuneda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.11.087","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red by Hydrothermally Synthesized Nanocrystalline TiO2 and Identification of Degradation Products by LC-MS","volume":"155","author":"Aksu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/4\/1914\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:38:55Z","timestamp":1760121535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/4\/1914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28041914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28041914","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]}}}