{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:55:29Z","timestamp":1790355329561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2023R182) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP2023R182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R182"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) were synthesized using Oscillatoria limnetica extract as strong reducing and capping agents. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles IONPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffractive analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). IONPs synthesis was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy by observing the peak at 471 nm. Furthermore, different in vitro biological assays, which showed important therapeutic potentials, were performed. Antimicrobial assay of biosynthesized IONPs was performed against four different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. E. coli was found to be the least suspected strain (MIC: 35 \u00b5g\/mL), and B. subtilis was found to be the most suspected strain (MIC: 14 \u00b5g\/mL). The maximum antifungal assay was observed for Aspergillus versicolor (MIC: 27 \u00b5g mL). The cytotoxic assay of IONPs was also studied using a brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay, and LD50 value was reported as 47 \u00b5g\/mL. In toxicological evaluation, IONPs was found to be biologically compatible to human RBCs (IC50: &gt;200 \u00b5g\/mL). The antioxidant assay, DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyly was recorded at 73% for IONPs. In conclusion, IONPs revealed great biological potential and can be further recommended for in vitro and in vivo therapeutic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T04:32:33Z","timestamp":1677126753000},"page":"2091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Oscillatoria limnetica Mediated Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) Nanoparticles and Their Diverse In Vitro Bioactivities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5088-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Haris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namra","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javed","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wadie","family":"Chalgham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7034-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Samad","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0720-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"El-Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Tavafoghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, B.A., Iqbal, J., Yaseen, T., Zahra, S.A., Ali, S., Uddin, S., Mahmood, T., Kanwal, S., El-Serehy, H.A., and Chalgham, W. 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