{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:14:08Z","timestamp":1787976848909,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["IFKSURG-2-90"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFKSURG-2-90"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral anticancer therapy mostly faces the challenges of low aqueous solubility, poor and irregular absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, food-influenced absorption, high first-pass metabolism, non-targeted delivery, and severe systemic and local adverse effects. Interest has been growing in bioactive self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (bio-SNEDDSs) using lipid-based excipients within nanomedicine. This study aimed to develop novel bio-SNEDDS to deliver antiviral remdesivir and baricitinib for the treatment of breast and lung cancers. Pure natural oils used in bio-SNEDDS were analyzed using GC-MS to examine bioactive constituents. The initial evaluation of bio-SNEDDSs were performed based on self-emulsification assessment, particle size analysis, zeta potential, viscosity measurement, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The single and combined anticancer effects of remdesivir and baricitinib in different bio-SNEDDS formulations were investigated in MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) and A549 (lung cancer) cell lines. The results from the GC-MS analysis of bioactive oils BSO and FSO showed pharmacologically active constituents, such as thymoquinone, isoborneol, paeonol and p-cymenene, and squalene, respectively. The representative F5 bio-SNEDDSs showed relatively uniform, nanosized (247 nm) droplet along with acceptable zeta potential values (+29 mV). The viscosity of the F5 bio-SNEDDS was recorded within 0.69 Cp. The TEM suggested uniform spherical droplets upon aqueous dispersions. Drug-free, remdesivir and baricitinib-loaded bio-SNEDDSs (combined) showed superior anticancer effects with IC50 value that ranged from 1.9\u20134.2 \u00b5g\/mL (for breast cancer), 2.4\u20135.8 \u00b5g\/mL (for lung cancer), and 3.05\u20135.44 \u00b5g\/mL (human fibroblasts cell line). In conclusion, the representative F5 bio-SNEDDS could be a promising candidate for improving the anticancer effect of remdesivir and baricitinib along with their existing antiviral performance in combined dosage form.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:01:51Z","timestamp":1677549711000},"page":"2237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Oral Bioactive Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems of Remdesivir and Baricitinib: A Paradigmatic Case of Drug Repositioning for Cancer Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5611-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsin","family":"Kazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitiligo Research Chair, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4509-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Abdul-Wahhab","family":"Shahba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Kayyali Research Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Rizwan Ahamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitiligo Research Chair, Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2022.01.011","article-title":"Methods of screening, monitoring and management of cardiac toxicity induced by chemotherapeutics","volume":"33","author":"Afrin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. 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