{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:36:04Z","timestamp":1792154164493,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Y-UTP, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS","award":["015LC0-264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015LC0-264"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ibuprofen (Ibf) is a biologically active drug (BADs) and an emerging contaminant of concern (CECs) in aqueous streams. Due to its adverse effects upon aquatic organisms and humans, the removal and recovery of Ibf are essential. Usually, conventional solvents are employed for the separation and recovery of ibuprofen. Due to environmental limitations, alternative green extracting agents need to be explored. Ionic liquids (ILs), emerging and greener alternatives, can also serve this purpose. It is essential to explore ILs that are effective for recovering ibuprofen, among millions of ILs. The conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) is an efficient tool that can be used to screen ILs specifically for ibuprofen extraction. The main objective of this work was to identify the best IL for the extraction of ibuprofen. A total of 152 different cation\u2013anion combinations consisting of eight aromatic and non-aromatic cations and nineteen anions were screened. The evaluation was based upon activity coefficients, capacity, and selectivity values. Furthermore, the effect of alkyl chain length was studied. The results suggest that quaternary ammonium (cation) and sulfate (anion) have better extraction ability for ibuprofen than the other combinations tested. An ionic liquid-based green emulsion liquid membrane (ILGELM) was developed using the selected ionic liquid as the extractant, sunflower oil as the diluent, Span 80 as the surfactant, and NaOH as the stripping agent. Experimental verification was carried out using the ILGELM. The experimental results indicated that the predicted COSMO-RS and the experimental results were in good agreement. The proposed IL-based GELM is highly effective for the removal and recovery of ibuprofen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1678068403000},"page":"2345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Ionic Liquid-Based Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane for the Extraction of the Poorly Soluble Drug Ibuprofen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Huma Warsi","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal A. M.","family":"Elgharbawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lampur 53100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8809-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Azmi","family":"Bustam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"},{"name":"Center of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2008-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Moniruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"},{"name":"Center of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4314\/wsa.v43i2.10","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in wastewater using solid-phase extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"43","author":"Madikizela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sa"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.11.067","article-title":"Ionic liquids for improving the extraction of NSAIDs in water samples using dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array\u2013fluorescence detection","volume":"134","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04087","article-title":"Ibuprofen as an emerging organic contaminant in environment, distribution and remediation","volume":"6","author":"Chopra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103537","article-title":"Ibuprofen as an emerging pollutant on non-target aquatic invertebrates: Effects on Chironomus riparius","volume":"81","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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