{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:18:49Z","timestamp":1790399929808,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Salvia fruticosa (Mill.) is the most medicinal plant used in Lebanon. The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical composition and the biological activities (in vitro) of its extracts. The plant was extracted by cold maceration with four solvents presenting an increasing polarity: cyclohexane (CHX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). The extracts were screened for their chemical composition by a HPLC-DAD detector for phenolic compounds identification and quantification and by GC-MS for volatile compounds detection. The antioxidant capacity (DPPH inhibition) was tested. Biological activities, mainly anti-Alzheimer activity (acetylcholinesterase inhibition), the antiproliferation of two human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and Caco-2 cells) and antibacterial activity, were evaluated. Ten aromatic compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD analysis. A total of 123 compounds were detected by GC-MS analysis. The MeOH extract showed a very interesting antioxidant activity with an inhibition percentage (IP) of 76.1% and an IC50 of 19.4 \u03bcg\/mL. The EtOAc extract exhibited the strongest inhibition against the acetylcholinesterase activity (IP = 60.6%) at 50 \u03bcg\/mL. It also strongly inhibited the proliferation of the HCT-116 cells (IP = 87.5%), whereas the DCM extract gave the best result with the Caco-2 cells (IP = 72.3%). The best antibacterial activity was obtained with the MeOH extract against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 1.2 \u03bcg\/mL) and with the EtOAc extract against Escherichia coli (MIC = 2.4 \u03bcg\/mL). This study highlights the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of S. fruticosa. It is important to mention that the following chemical compounds were identified for the first time in plant extracts: 2,6,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadeca-2,6,8,10,14-pentaene; 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-1,8,8,9-tetramethyl-8,9-dihydrophenaleno [1,2-b]furan-3-one; podocarpa-1,8,11,13-tetraen-3-one,14-isopropyl-1,13-dimethoxy; podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one,12-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-,acetate; 3\u2032,8,8\u2032-trimethoxy-3-piperidin-1-yl-2,2\u2032-binaphthyl-1,1\u2032,4,4\u2032-tetrone; and 2,3-dehydroferruginol, thus underlining the originality of this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T02:08:14Z","timestamp":1678241294000},"page":"2429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antiacetylcholinesterase and Antiproliferation Properties of Salvia fruticosa Miller Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Michella","family":"Dawra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2439-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalloul","family":"Bouajila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"El Beyrouthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh BP 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Abi Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh BP 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Taillandier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie Chimique, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31326 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8755-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"El Rayess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh BP 446, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113685","article-title":"Medicinal plants from the 14th edition of the Russian Pharmacopoeia, recent updates","volume":"268","author":"Shikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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