{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:05:39Z","timestamp":1790683539682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","award":["RG-21-09-91"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-21-09-91"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of ZnS nanoparticles (ZnS NP50 = 50 \u00b5g\/L and ZnS NP100 = 100 \u00b5g\/L) and diethyl (3-cyano-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl)phosphonate or P (P50 = 50 \u00b5g\/L and P100 = 100 \u00b5g\/L) in the clams Ruditapes decussatus using chemical and biochemical approaches. The results demonstrated that clams accumulate ZnS NPs and other metallic elements following exposure. Moreover, ZnS NPs and P separately lead to ROS overproduction, while a mixture of both contaminants has no effect. In addition, data showed that exposure to P100 resulted in increased levels of oxidative stress enzyme activities catalase (CAT) in the gills and digestive glands. A similar trend was also observed in the digestive glands of clams treated with ZnS100. In contrast, CAT activity was decreased in the gills at the same concentration. Exposure to ZnS100 and P100 separately leads to a decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels in both gills and digestive glands. Thus, AChE and CAT after co-exposure to an environmental mixture of nanoparticles (ZnS100) and phosphonate (P100) did not show any differences between treated and non-treated clams. The outcome of this work certifies the use of biomarkers and chemical assay when estimating the effects of phosphonate and nanoparticles as part of an ecotoxicological assessment program. An exceptional focus was given to the interaction between ZnS NPs and P. The antioxidant activity of P has been demonstrated to have an additive effect on metal accumulation and antagonistic agents against oxidative stress in clams treated with ZnS NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T02:08:14Z","timestamp":1678241294000},"page":"2460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Possible Interaction between ZnS Nanoparticles and Phosphonates on Mediterranean Clams Ruditapes decussatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Wiem","family":"Saidani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l\u2019Environnement (LBE), Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Ecotoxicologie et d\u2019Ecologie C\u00f4ti\u00e8re (GREEC), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna-Bizerte 7021, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Bouzidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l\u2019Environnement (LBE), Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Ecotoxicologie et d\u2019Ecologie C\u00f4ti\u00e8re (GREEC), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna-Bizerte 7021, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4938-7504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhafidh","family":"Khazri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l\u2019Environnement (LBE), Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Ecotoxicologie et d\u2019Ecologie C\u00f4ti\u00e8re (GREEC), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna-Bizerte 7021, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Ghannem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l\u2019Environnement (LBE), Unit\u00e9 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Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed I.","family":"Alghonaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman A.","family":"Alsalamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf A.","family":"Qurtam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi 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