{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:35:12Z","timestamp":1789079712387,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre of Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/31\/N\/NZ9\/03255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/31\/N\/NZ9\/03255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) is a popular citrus in Southeast Asia. Despite the growing interest in the peel of the fruit, the leaves are the most frequently used part of the fruit. The aim of the study was to determine the main by-products of the peel, such as pectins, minerals, essential oil, and bioactive compounds, and to evaluate the possibility of using them in various branches of industry. In the study of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation performed using the TGA chromatography technique (GC-MS), sabinene (31.93%), \u03b2-pinene (26%), and limonene (19%) were selected as the most abundant volatile compounds. Nine microelements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mo, and V), four macroelements (Mg, Ca, K, and Na), and seven ballast substances (Cd, Hg, Pb, Al, V, Sr, and Pt) were also determined using the microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry technique (MP-AES). In the case of microelements, iron 32.72 \u00b1 0.39 mg\/kg DW (dry weight) had the highest concentration. In the case of macroelements, the calcium content was 9416 \u00b1 34 mg\/kg DW. Optimization of the pectin extraction was also performed by selecting citric acid and obtaining a yield of 7.6\u201317.6% for acid extraction and 9.9\u201328.2% for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), depending on the temperature used. The obtained pectins were characterized by the degree of methylation, galacturonic acid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analysis. Among bioactive compounds, the contents of polyphenols (22.63 \u00b1 2.12 mg GAE\/g DW), flavonoids (2.72 \u00b1 0.25 mg CE\/g DW, vitamin C (2.43 \u00b1 0.19 mg Asc), xantoproteins + carotenes (53.8 \u00b1 4.24 ug), anthocyanins (24.8 \u00b1 1.8 mg CGE\/kg DW), and chlorophylls A and B (188.5 \u00b1 8.1, 60.4 \u00b1 3.23 \u00b5g\/g DW) were evaluated. Antioxidant capacity using (cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity) CUPRAC and DPPH assays was also provided with the results of 76.98 \u00b1 8.1, and 12.01 \u00b1 1.02 \u00b5mol TE\/g DW, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T06:09:56Z","timestamp":1678687796000},"page":"2596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Determination of the Major By-Products of Citrus hystrix Peel and Their Characteristics in the Context of Utilization in the Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1517-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Lubinska-Szczyge\u0142","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0672-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kuczy\u0144ska-\u0141a\u017cewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Rutkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017baneta","family":"Polkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Katrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0621-8305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shela","family":"Gorinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Barzee, T.J., Zhang, R., and Pan, Z. (2019). Integrated Processing Technologies for Food and Agricultural By-Products, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Zhong, G., and Nicolosi, E. (2020). The Citrus Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes, Springer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.05.086","article-title":"The flavonoid, carotenoid and pectin content in peels of citrus cultivated in Taiwan","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"10","article-title":"Valorization of citrus peel waste","volume":"5","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Volatiles Essent. Oils"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2015.06.015","article-title":"Upgrade of citrus waste as a biofuel via slow pyrolysis","volume":"115","author":"Volpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.04.078","article-title":"Process design and economic analysis of a citrus waste biorefinery with biofuels and limonene as products","volume":"101","author":"Lohrasbi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105163","article-title":"Citrus peel as a renewable bioresource: Transforming waste to food additives","volume":"95","author":"Wedamulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.02.005","article-title":"Quality of limes juices based on the aroma and antioxidant properties","volume":"89","author":"Dymerski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.13005\/bbra\/2446","article-title":"A Review of Genetic Taxonomy, Biomolecules Chemistry and Bioactivities of Citrus hystrix DC","volume":"14","author":"Agouillal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Asia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siti, H.N., Mohamed, S., and Kamisah, Y. (2022). Potential Therapeutic Effects of Citrus hystrix DC and Its Bioactive Compounds on Metabolic Disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020167"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Techniques for essential oil extraction from kaffir lime and its application in health care products\u2014A review","volume":"36","author":"Suresh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113151","article-title":"Assessment of safety and health-benefits of Citrus hystrix DC. peel essential oil, with regard to its bioactive constituents in an in vitro model of physiological and pathological skin conditions","volume":"151","author":"Kulig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anuchapreeda, S., Chueahongthong, F., Viriyaadhammaa, N., Panyajai, P., Anzawa, R., Tima, S., Ampasavate, C., Saiai, A., Rungrojsakul, M., and Usuki, T. (2020). Antileukemic cell proliferation of active compounds from kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaves. Molecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061300"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"303","article-title":"Extraction and Analysis of Pectin from Citrus Peels: Augmenting the Yield from Citrus limon Using Statistical Experimental Design","volume":"5","author":"Kanmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.06.018","article-title":"Pomelo (Citrus maxima) pectin: Effects of extraction parameters andits properties","volume":"35","author":"Methacanon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.062","article-title":"Microwave-assisted Extraction of polysaccharides from Cyphomandra betacea and its biological activities","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14183","article-title":"Characterization of Pectins Extracted from Different Varieties of Pink \/ Red and White Grapefruits [Citrus Paradisi (Macf.)] by Thermal Treatment and Thermosonication","volume":"83","author":"Gerbino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.04.036","article-title":"A novel analytical approach in the assessment of unprocessed Kaffir lime peel and pulp as potential raw materials for cosmetic applications","volume":"120","author":"Dymerski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5331","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5331","article-title":"Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts","volume":"2018","author":"Liew","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasuan, N., Yunus, M., Rahiman, M.H.F., Aris, S.R.A., and Taib, M.N. (2009, January 16\u201318). Essential oil composition of Kaffir lime: Comparative analysis between controlled steam distillation and hydrodistillation extraction process. Proceedings of the SCOReD2009\u2014Proceedings of 2009 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, Serdang, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCORED.2009.5442958"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"125","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of essential oils and crude extracts from tropical Citrus spp. Against food-related microorganisms","volume":"30","author":"Chanthaphon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1820","article-title":"Chemical composition and stimulating effect of Citrus hystrix oil on humans","volume":"22","author":"Hongratanaworakit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2009.02.010","article-title":"Variation in plant properties and essential oil composition of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) fruits during stages of maturity","volume":"30","author":"Telci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"29","article-title":"Chemical composition of the essential oils from some citrus species and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity","volume":"11","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hien, T.T., Quyen, N.T.C., Minh, P.T.H., and Le, X.T. (2020, January 10\u201313). Determine the components of Kaffir Lime Oil (Citrus hystrix DC.) in the Microwave-assisted Extraction Process. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/991\/1\/012018"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"32","article-title":"Survey of forensically important fly species in northern Thailand","volume":"49","author":"Sukontason","year":"2018","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"32","article-title":"Activity of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) essential oil against blow flies and house fly","volume":"49","author":"Suwannayod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.27.282.9679","article-title":"Profiling study of the major and minor components of kaffir lime oil (Citrus hystrix dc.) in the fractional distillation process","volume":"27","author":"Warsito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2019.939","article-title":"Phytochemical Repurposing of Natural Molecule: Sabinene for Identification of Novel Therapeutic Benefits Using in Silico and in Vitro Approaches","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccati, C., Gibernau, M., Paoli, M., Ollitrault, P., Tomi, F., and Luro, F. (2021). Chemical variability of peel and leaf essential oils in the citrus subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and few relatives. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061117"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimized Extraction Condition and Characterization of Pectin from Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix)","volume":"1","author":"Shaha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. J. Agric. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1988.tb08964.x","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Pectin in Sugar-Beet Pulp","volume":"53","author":"Phatak","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.01.080","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted heating extraction of pectin from grapefruit peel: Optimization and comparison with the conventional method","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayah, M.Y., Chabir, R., Benyahia, H., Kandri, Y.R., Chahdi, F.O., Touzani, H., and Errachidi, F. (2016). Yield, esterification degree and molecular weight evaluation of pectins isolated from orange and grapefruit peels under different conditions. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161751"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.12.003","article-title":"Pectin extracted from apple pomace and citrus peel by subcritical water","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-8617(90)90105-2","article-title":"Industrial pectins: Sources, production and applications","volume":"12","author":"May","year":"1990","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.01.012","article-title":"Pectin content and composition from different food waste streams","volume":"201","author":"Bencivenni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Islam, M.B., Biswas, M., and Khurshid Alam, A.H.M. (2015). In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of different parts of Tabebuia pallida growing in Bangladesh. BMC Res. Notes, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1618-6"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.040","article-title":"Pectin extraction from common fig skin by different methods: The physicochemical, rheological, functional, and structural evaluations","volume":"136","author":"Gharibzahedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02299","article-title":"Characterization and antioxidant activity of pectin from Indonesian mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind","volume":"5","author":"Wathoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2006.08.004","article-title":"Thermal analysis of chemically and mechanically modified pectins","volume":"21","author":"Kunzek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s002170100388","article-title":"Thermal analysis of plant cell wall materials depending on the chemical structure and pre-treatment prior to drying","volume":"213","author":"Godeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"104","article-title":"Thermal degradation of citrus pectin in low-moisture environment\u2014Investigation of backbone depolymerisation","volume":"107","author":"Kastner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488804","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2488804","article-title":"Citrus genus and its waste utilization: A review on health-promoting activities and industrial application","volume":"2021","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Wang, D., Tan, C., Hu, Y., Sundararajan, B., and Zhou, Z. (2020). Profiling of flavonoid and antioxidant activity of fruit tissues from 27 Chinese local citrus cultivars. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020196"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666161004161411","article-title":"Chlorophylls and their Derivatives Used in Food Industry and Medicine","volume":"17","author":"Solymosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciriminna, R., Forest, B., Meneguzzo, F., Pagliaro, M., and Hamann, M.T. (2020). Technical and economic feasibility of a stable yellow natural colorant production from waste lemon peel. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0232.v1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2006.11512090","article-title":"Biochemical and physiological changes during chlorophyll degradation in lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle cv.)","volume":"81","author":"Win","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4515","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170714102619","article-title":"Chemistry in the Bioactivity of Chlorophylls: An Overview","volume":"24","author":"Viera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"555","article-title":"Bioactivity of flavonoids","volume":"48","author":"Robak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"863","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant potential of citrus peel extracts","volume":"33","author":"Chatha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.12.046","article-title":"Assessment of polyphenolic content and in vitro antiradical characteristics of apple pomace","volume":"109","author":"Djilas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933918000053","article-title":"Health benefits and potential applications of anthocyanins in poultry feed industry","volume":"74","author":"Changxing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Worlds. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2003.10.005","article-title":"Comparison of the contents of the main antioxidant compounds and the antioxidant activity of white grapefruit and his new hybrid","volume":"37","author":"Gorinstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.031104","article-title":"Accumulation of Carotenoids and Expression of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes during Maturation in Citrus Fruit","volume":"134","author":"Kato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"575","article-title":"Physio-chemical and functional quality evaluation of mandarin peel powder","volume":"18","author":"Ojha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.09.022","article-title":"Targeting excessive free radicals with peels and juices of citrus fruits: Grapefruit, lemon, lime and orange","volume":"48","author":"Barros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2005.31725","article-title":"Topical vitamin C: A useful agent for treating photoaging and other dermatologic conditions","volume":"31","author":"Farris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maturational effects on phenolic constituents, antioxidant activities and LC-MS \/ MS profiles of lemon (Citrus limon) peels","volume":"90","author":"Mcharek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Qian, J., Cao, J., Wang, D., Liu, C., Yang, R., Li, X., and Sun, C. (2017). Antioxidant capacity, anticancer ability and flavonoids composition of 35 citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) varieties. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071114"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-03585-0","article-title":"Optimization and comparison of non-conventional extraction technologies for Citrus paradisi L. peels: A valorization approach","volume":"56","author":"Nishad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.03.090","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of citrus from Brazil","volume":"134","author":"Genovese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.604","article-title":"Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract","volume":"6","author":"Ani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"161","article-title":"The Effects of Zinc Application on Physiology and Production of Corn Plants","volume":"9","author":"Munirah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000947k","article-title":"Comparative contents of dietary fiber, total phenolics, and minerals in persimmons and apples","volume":"49","author":"Gorinstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"12","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Some Selected Fruit Peels","volume":"4","author":"Ashwini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(88)80138-X","article-title":"Titanium in Plants","volume":"133","author":"Dumon","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.11.067","article-title":"Microwave heating extraction of pectin from lime peel: Characterization and properties compared with the conventional heating method","volume":"278","author":"Rodsamran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"735","article-title":"Determination of the Uronic Acid Content Of Plant Cell Walls Using A Colorimetric Assay","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Melton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handb. Food Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-016-0158-8","article-title":"Van Impact of different solvents on the recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties from lemon (Citrus limon L.) pomace waste","volume":"25","author":"Papoutsis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0307-4412(90)90137-D","article-title":"Isolation and spectrophotometric characterization of photosynthetic pigments","volume":"18","author":"Boyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-017-1074-0","article-title":"Detection of Bioactive Compounds in Organically and Conventionally Grown Asparagus Spears","volume":"11","author":"Ku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.01.078","article-title":"Spectrophotometric determination of ascorbic acid by the modified CUPRAC method with extractive separation of flavonoids-La(III) complexes","volume":"588","author":"Apak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/6\/2596\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:53:41Z","timestamp":1760122421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/6\/2596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28062596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28062596","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]}}}