{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:01:35Z","timestamp":1792371695098,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission 7th Framework Programme Marie Curie Actions People","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRSES N\u00b0294993 SMARTCANCERSENS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRSES N\u00b0294993 SMARTCANCERSENS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission 7th Framework Programme Marie Curie Actions People","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/QEQ-QAN\/2201\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QEQ-QAN\/2201\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission 7th Framework Programme Marie Curie Actions People","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/103103\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/103103\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal of projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRSES N\u00b0294993 SMARTCANCERSENS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRSES N\u00b0294993 SMARTCANCERSENS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal of projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/QEQ-QAN\/2201\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QEQ-QAN\/2201\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal of projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/103103\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/103103\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRSES N\u00b0294993 SMARTCANCERSENS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRSES N\u00b0294993 SMARTCANCERSENS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/QEQ-QAN\/2201\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QEQ-QAN\/2201\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/103103\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/103103\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel amperometric sensor for the direct determination of toxic mercury ions, Hg2+, based on the organic chelator ionophore N, N di (2-hydroxy-5-[(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]benzaldehyde) benzene-1,2-diamine (NDBD), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode surface was developed. The parameters influencing sensor performance including the ionophore concentration, the applied potential, and electrolyte pH were optimized. The sensor response to Hg2+ was linear between 1\u201325 \u00b5M with a limit of detection of 60 nM. Interferences from other heavy metal ions were evaluated and the sensor showed excellent selectivity towards Hg2+. The method was successfully applied to the determination of mercury ions in milk and water samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T02:36:22Z","timestamp":1679366182000},"page":"2809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Novel Amperometric Mercury-Selective Sensor Based on Organic Chelator Ionophore"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Basant","family":"Elsebai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CEMMPRE, ARISE, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1590-0816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Emilia","family":"Ghica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CEMMPRE, ARISE, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Nooredeen","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1972-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M. A.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, CEMMPRE, ARISE, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.02.006","article-title":"Novel solid-state mercury(II)-selective electrode based on symmetrical sulfur-containing carrier","volume":"206","author":"Kermani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.12.022","article-title":"Conductive electrospun nanofibers containing cellulose nanowhiskers and reduced graphene oxide for the electrochemical detection of mercury (II)","volume":"207","author":"Teodoro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.07.069","article-title":"Voltammetric determination of metal ions beyond mercury electrodes. A review","volume":"990","author":"Serrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.112593","article-title":"Electrochemical sensing of mercury ions in electrolyte solutions by nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot electrodes at ultralow concentrations","volume":"302","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Molec. Liq."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.116016","article-title":"Analytical methods for mercury speciation, detection, and measurement in water, oil, and gas","volume":"132","author":"Saleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC\u2014Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2015.03.041","article-title":"Mercury mass measurement in fluorescent lamps via neutron activation analysis","volume":"116","author":"Viererbl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.08.036","article-title":"Magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation of mercury in environmental water and human hair samples","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/354056a0","article-title":"Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon","volume":"354","author":"Iijima","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2015.04.034","article-title":"Determination of mercury using a glassy carbon electrode modified with nano TiO2 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites dispersed in a novel cationic surfactant","volume":"751","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2020.100003","article-title":"Carbon nanotube\u2014A review on synthesis, properties and plethora of applications in the field of biomedical science","volume":"1","author":"Anzar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrier, D.C., and Honeychurch, K.C. (2021). Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11120486"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Huo, M., Zhou, M., Chang, H., Li, J., Zhang, Q., Fang, Y., Wang, H., and Zhang, D. Carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors for heavy metal detection. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 2022. in press.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2022.2151832"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.055","article-title":"Novel carbon nanotube (CNT)-based ultrasensitive sensors for trace mercury (II) detection in water: A review","volume":"574","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohari, N.A., Siddiquee, S., Saallah, S., Misson, M., and Arshad, S.E. (2020). Optimization and analytical behavior of electrochemical sensors based on the modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) using PANI\/MWCNTs\/AuNPs for mercury detection. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226502"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113228","article-title":"Trends in sensor development towards next-generation point-of-care testing for mercury","volume":"183","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201800776","article-title":"Eco-friendly sensors developed by herbal based silver nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of mercury (II) ion","volume":"31","author":"Eksin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.07.005","article-title":"Copper-cobalt hexacyanoferrate modified glassy carbon electrode for an indirect electrochemical determination of mercury","volume":"238","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B\u2014Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.11.030","article-title":"Electrochemical behaviour and voltammetric determination of mercury(II) ion in cupric oxide\/poly vinyl alcohol nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"145","author":"Karthika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microhem. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2020.06.021","article-title":"Electrochemical performance of a three-layer electrode based on Bi nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotube composites for simultaneous Hg(II) and Cu(II) detection","volume":"31","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2015.01.014","article-title":"A new nano-composite potentiometric sensor containing an Hg2+-ion imprinted polymer for the trace determination of mercury ions in different matrices","volume":"204","author":"Shirzadmehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA01042A","article-title":"Scalable approach towards specific and ultrasensitive cation sensing under harsh environmental conditions by engineering the analyte-transducer interface","volume":"3","author":"Mondal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"30","article-title":"Electrochemical determination of trace mercury in water sample using EDTA-CPE modified electrode","volume":"17","author":"Moutcine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Biosens. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2012.07.019","article-title":"Electrochemical metal-ion sensors based on novel manganese phtalocyanine complex","volume":"162","author":"Ceken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.03.037","article-title":"Sensitive, selective and simultaneous electrochemical detection of multiple heavy metals in environment and food using a lowcost Fe3O4 nanoparticles\/fluorinated multi-walled carbon nanotubes sensor","volume":"175","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2016.08.003","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of Hg (II) in water using self-assembled single walled carbon nanotube-poly (m-amino benzene sulfonic acid) on gold electrode","volume":"10","author":"Matlou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Biosensing Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2018.08.030","article-title":"Bismuth nanoparticles decorated graphenated carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode for mercury detection","volume":"95","author":"Jeromiyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6280","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY01086A","article-title":"Multi-walled carbon nanotube and nanosilica chemically modified carbon paste electrodes for determination of mercury (II) ion in polluted water samples","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"614","article-title":"Carbon nanotube composite coated stainless steel disk electrode with polypyrolle film as ion-to-electron transducer for the determination of Hg (II)","volume":"9","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"470","article-title":"TEM and XRD analysis of carbon nanotubes synthesised from flame","volume":"723","author":"Hon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600449","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201600449","article-title":"Efficient and robust reactions for polyethylene covalently grafted carbon nanotubes","volume":"218","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1573413710666140818210043","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes characterization by X-ray powder diffraction\u2014A review","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10953-017-0707-7","article-title":"Solid\u2013liquid equilibrium for the ternary system 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline+ 2-methyl-6-nitroaniline+ ethyl acetate: Determination and modelling","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Solut. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2018.15219","article-title":"Solid-state synthesis of POPD@AgNPs nanocomposites for electrochemical sensors","volume":"18","author":"Paulraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2016.1157013","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopy for carbon family study","volume":"46","author":"Tucureanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"159","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and tautomeric properties of some azo-azomethine compounds","volume":"67b","author":"Hamidian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Z. Nat."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2015.03.043","article-title":"Synthesis of two new azo-azomethines; spectral characterization, crystal structures, computational and fluorescence studies","volume":"1094","author":"Eskikanbur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6250","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.6250","article-title":"Iron(II), copper(II), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) complexes of isatin carbohydrazone Schiff base ligand (H3L): Synthesis, characterization, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, fluorescence, density functional theory, biological activity, and molecular docking studies","volume":"35","author":"Younis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shtepliuk, I., Vagin, M., and Yakimova, R. (2019). Insights into the electrochemical behavior of mercury on graphene\/SiC electrode. C-J. Carbon Res., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/c5030051"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201800332","article-title":"A versatile carbon fibre cloth-supported Au nanodendrite sensor for simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II)","volume":"30","author":"Dang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.10.131","article-title":"EDTA_PANI\/SWCNTs nanocomposite modified electrode for electrochemical determination of copper (II), lead (II), and mercury (II) ions","volume":"259","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11992","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR02935D","article-title":"Recent progress on carbon nanomaterials for the electrochemical detection and removal of environmental pollutants","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2017.06.012","article-title":"Recent advances in the electrochemical detection of mercury","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Oppin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2015.10.039","article-title":"Voltammetric determination of mercury in biological samples using crown ether\/multiwalled carbon nanotube-based sensor","volume":"759","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohari, N.A., Siddiquee, S., Saallah, S., Mission, M., and Arshad, S.E. (2021). Electrochemical behaviour of real-time sensor for determination mercury in cosmetic products based on PANI\/MWCNTs\/AuNPs\/ITO. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8010017"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-020-01770-2","article-title":"A new nanocomposite electrode of carbon quantum dots doped functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for lethal mercury sensing","volume":"32","author":"RasulKhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030325","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0016765","article-title":"Poly O-Cresophthalein complexone film coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-POCF) modified electrode for determination of mercury","volume":"2265","author":"Jayadevimanoranjitham","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8488","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC02423D","article-title":"Direct detection of the mercury-nitrogen bond in the thymine-HgII-thymine base-pair with 199Hg NMR spectroscopy","volume":"51","author":"Dairaku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Comm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.06.003","article-title":"Novel nanocomposite film modified electrode based on poly(brilliant cresyl blue)-deep eutectic solvent\/carbon nanotubes and its biosensing applications","volume":"317","author":"Ghica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/6\/2809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:59:46Z","timestamp":1760122786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/6\/2809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28062809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28062809","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]}}}