{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:17:08Z","timestamp":1767979028888,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acacia implexa, Eucalyptus rossii and Exocarpos cupressiformis are native plants of Australia, which were used by the First Peoples for medicinal purposes. In this study, 70% aqueous ethanol crude extracts were prepared from A. implexa bark and leaves, E. rossii leaves and E. cupressiformis leaves, and partitioned via sequential extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and ethanol. The crude extracts and fractions were screened for antioxidant activity using a novel, high-throughput lipid-based antioxidant assay, as well as the aqueous ABTS (2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay and the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu test for total phenols. In the lipid-based assay, non-polar n-hexane and DCM fractions showed higher antioxidant activity against the formation of peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than the other fractions, whereas the non-polar fractions were not effective in aqueous assays. This illustrates that the high potential of the lipid-soluble n-hexane and DCM fractions as antioxidants would have been missed if only aqueous-based assays were used. In addition, the potent antioxidant compounds were putatively annotated using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF-MS). Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (\u2212)-epicatechin and tannins were found in most crude extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T02:08:01Z","timestamp":1680228481000},"page":"3106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi-Dimensional Antioxidant Screening of Selected Australian Native Plants and Putative Annotation of Active Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Md.","family":"Ghani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Barril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Danny","family":"Bedgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Prenzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"},{"name":"The Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.02.127","article-title":"Measurement of antioxidant activity with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay","volume":"230","author":"Ghani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111249","article-title":"Sirt1 regulation in ageing and obesity","volume":"188","author":"Pardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villeneuve, P., Bourlieu-Lacanal, C., Durand, E., Lecomte, J., McClements, D.J., and Decker, E.A. (2021). Lipid oxidation in emulsions and bulk oils: A review of the importance of micelles. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.2006138"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"R129","article-title":"Potential of medicinal plants as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in food industry: A hypothesis","volume":"79","author":"Leyva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X. (2021). Free radical inhibition mechanisms\u2014Implications for measurement. Handbook of Antioxidant Methodology: Approaches to Activity Determination, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781839165337-00142"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghani, M.A., Barril, C., Bedgood, D.R., and Prenzler, P.D. (2019). Development of a method suitable for high-throughput screening to measure antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid emulsion. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090366"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0010(200010)80:13<1925::AID-JSFA714>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"The problems of using one-dimensional methods to evaluate multifunctional food and biological antioxidants","volume":"80","author":"Frankel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00288-0","article-title":"Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts","volume":"73","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.11.008","article-title":"An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Yaegl aboriginal community in northern New South Wales, Australia","volume":"139","author":"Packer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, February 08). Australian Flora Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.anbg.gov.au\/aust-veg\/australian-flora-statistics.html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Williams, A., and Sides, T. (2008). Wiradjuri Plant Use in the Murrumbidgee Catchment."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4683059","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4683059","article-title":"Phytochemical profile and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants used by Aboriginal people of New South Wales, Australia","volume":"2016","author":"Akter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)85959-2","article-title":"A phytochemical survey of the Australian species of Acacia","volume":"8","author":"Tindale","year":"1969","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of various b-ring unsubstituted and substituted flavonoids in ten Australian species of Eucalyptus","volume":"12","author":"Saraf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1071\/CH9600150","article-title":"Colouring matters of Australian plants. Vii. Flavonoid glycosides from Exocarpus cupressiformis labill","volume":"13","author":"Cooke","year":"1960","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.11.138","article-title":"Antioxidant and genoprotective activity of selected Cucurbitaceae seed extracts and LC-ESIMS\/MS identification of phenolic components","volume":"199","author":"Yasir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourais, I., Elmarrkechy, S., Taha, D., Badaoui, B., Mourabit, Y., Salhi, N., Alshahrani, M.M., Al Awadh, A.A., Bouyahya, A., and Goh, K.W. (2022). Comparative investigation of chemical constituents of kernels, leaves, husk, and bark of Juglans regia L. using HPLC-DADESI-MS\/MS analysis and evaluation of their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248989"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1021\/jf703756d","article-title":"Effect of processing conditions, prestorage treatment, and storage conditions on the phenol content and antioxidant activity of olive mill waste","volume":"56","author":"Obied","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113580","article-title":"Antioxidative and therapeutic potential of selected Australian plants: A review","volume":"268","author":"Mani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.04.017","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of natural phenolic compounds from Acacia confusa bark","volume":"98","author":"Tung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.03.020","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from the twigs of Cinnamomum osmophloeum","volume":"99","author":"Chua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.109","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of lignin fractions extracted from Acacia nilotica","volume":"86","author":"Barapatre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guenaou, I., Irahal, I.N., Errami, A., Lahlou, F.A., Hmimid, F., and Bourhim, N. (2021). Bioactive compounds from Ephedra fragilis: Extraction optimization, chemical characterization, antioxidant and antiglycation activities. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195998"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"881","article-title":"Selective biological activities and phytochemical profiling of two wild plant species, Teucrium polium and Capsicum annum from Sheringal, Pakistan","volume":"45","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.01.019","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees","volume":"104","author":"Sultana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.01.002","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract\/fractions of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn","volume":"45","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.08.048","article-title":"Antioxidative activities of chromatographic fractions obtained from root, fruit and leaf of mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.)","volume":"94","author":"Zin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-011-0144-0","article-title":"Assessment of antioxidant capacity of sedum (Sedum sarmentosum) as a valuable natural antioxidant source","volume":"20","author":"Mo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(96)00114-8","article-title":"Thiobarbituric acid test for monitoring lipid oxidation in meat","volume":"59","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.05.003","article-title":"A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800239","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201800239","article-title":"Conjugated autoxidizable triene-based (Cat and apoCat) assays: Their practical application for screening of crude plant extracts with antioxidant functions in relevant to oil-in-water emulsions","volume":"121","author":"Phonsatta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2020.e56","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Cudrania tricuspidata (ct) leaves, fruit powder and ct fruit in pork patties during storage","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.03.100","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in a lipid-rich model system","volume":"208","author":"Vhangani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"10","article-title":"High resolution mass spectrometry for structural identification of metabolites in metabolomics","volume":"12","author":"Alves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.06.024","article-title":"Valorization of bark for chemicals and materials: A review","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2021.100481","article-title":"Tannins medical\/pharmacological and related applications: A critical review","volume":"22","author":"Pizzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.R., Finimundy, T.C., Barros, L., and Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2021). Exogenous antioxidants derived from plants, fungi, and other taxa. Handbook of Antioxidant Methodology: Approaches to Activity Determination, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781839165337-00203"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201400327","article-title":"Botanical, phytochemical, and anticancer properties of the Eucalyptus species","volume":"12","author":"Vuong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"859","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Acacia pennatula pods","volume":"70","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Ind. Res. India"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2015.08.002","article-title":"Acacia nilotica (L.): A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology","volume":"2","author":"Rather","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(03)00082-6","article-title":"Phytochemistry of Acacia\u2014Sensu lato","volume":"31","author":"Seigler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9583-z","article-title":"Phytochemistry and bioactivity of Acacia sensu stricto (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae)","volume":"18","author":"Jaeger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04572","article-title":"Antioxidative flavan-3-ol dimers from the leaves of Camellia fangchengensis","volume":"66","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmi, A., Spina, R., Risler, A., Philippot, S., M\u00e9rito, A., Duval, R.E., Abdoul-latif, F.M., and Laurain-Mattar, D. (2020). Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities, cytotoxicity of Acacia seyal Del bark extracts and isolated compounds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102392"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.03.050","article-title":"Preparative isolation and purification of isobenzofuranone derivatives and saponins from seeds of Nigella glandulifera Freyn by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with gel filtration","volume":"1216","author":"Xin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0531499","article-title":"Determination of the predominant catechins in Acacia catechu by liquid chromatography\/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry","volume":"54","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, S.P., Yang, Y.L., Cheng, X.X., Li, W.R., and Cai, J.Y. (2019). Synthesis, spectroscopic study and radical scavenging activity of kaempferol derivatives: Enhanced water solubility and antioxidant activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040975"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.03.022","article-title":"Phenolic screening by HPLC-DAD-ESI\/MSn and antioxidant capacity of leaves, flowers and berries of Rubus grandifolius Lowe","volume":"73","author":"Castilho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.53.1345","article-title":"Cypellogins a, b and c, acylated flavonol glycosides from Eucalyptus cypellocarpa","volume":"53","author":"Kasajima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"913","article-title":"Epicuticular leaf flavonoids from Eucalyptus species and from Kalmia latifolia","volume":"36","author":"Wollenweber","year":"1981","journal-title":"Z. Nat. C\u2014A J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.06.009","article-title":"Antimicrobial, antioxidant and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Scadoxus pseudocaulus and semi-synthetic farrerol derivatives","volume":"102","author":"Pagning","year":"2016","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9551","DOI":"10.1021\/jf061974z","article-title":"Effect of added caffeic acid and tyrosol on the fatty acid and volatile profiles of camellia oil following heating","volume":"54","author":"Haiyan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204105k","article-title":"Influence of fungal endophyte infection on phenolic content and antioxidant activity in grasses: Interaction between Lolium perenne and different strains of Neotyphodium lolii","volume":"60","author":"Qawasmeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040893","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000}}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/7\/3106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T13:47:45Z","timestamp":1754228865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/7\/3106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28073106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28073106","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/molecules29040893","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}