{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:24:37Z","timestamp":1784820277722,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As resistance to the limited number of insecticides available for medical and veterinary pests becomes more widespread, there is an urgent need for new insecticides and synergists on the market. To address this need, we conducted a study to assess the toxicity of three monoterpenoids\u2014carvone, menthone, and fenchone\u2014in comparison to permethrin and methomyl against adults of two common pests: the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the house fly (Musca domestica). We also examined the potential for these monoterpenoids to enhance the effectiveness of permethrin and methomyl when used together. Finally, we evaluated the ability of each monoterpenoid to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, comparing them to methomyl. While all three monoterpenoids performed relatively poorly as topical insecticides (LD50 &gt; 4000 ng\/mg on M. domestica; &gt;6000 ng\/mg on Ae. aegypti), they synergized both permethrin and methomyl as well as or better than piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Carvone and menthone yielded synergistic co-toxicity factors (23 and 29, respectively), which were each higher than PBO at 24 h. Currently, the mechanism of action is unknown. During preliminary testing, symptoms of acetylcholinesterase inhibition were identified, prompting further testing. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition did not appear to explain the toxic or synergistic effects of the three monoterpenoids, with IC50 values greater than 1 mM for all, compared to the 2.5 and 1.7 \u00b5M for methomyl on Aedes aegypti and Musca domestica, respectively. This study provides valuable monoterpenoid toxicity and synergism data on two pestiferous insects and highlights the potential for these chemistries in future pest control formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T01:10:27Z","timestamp":1680743427000},"page":"3250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Insecticidal and Synergistic Potential of Three Monoterpenoids against the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), and the House Fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Oshneil S.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund J.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"IV","given":"Edwin R.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2004.03.002","article-title":"Two major classes of target site insensitivity mutations confer resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides","volume":"79","author":"Russell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pestic. 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