{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:03:21Z","timestamp":1760148201188,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Favipiravir (6-fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide, FPV), an active pharmaceutical component of the drug discovered and registered in March 2014 in Japan under the name Avigan, with an indication for pandemic influenza, has been studied. The study of this compound was prompted by the idea that effective processes of recognition and binding of FPV to the nucleic acid are affected predominantly by the propensity to form intra- and intermolecular interactions. Three nuclear quadrupole resonance experimental techniques, namely 1H-14N cross-relaxation, multiple frequency sweeps, and two-frequency irradiation, followed by solid-state computational modelling (density functional theory supplemented by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, 3D Hirshfeld Surfaces, and reduced density gradient) approaches were applied. The complete NQR spectrum consisting of nine lines indicating the presence of three chemically inequivalent nitrogen sites in the FPV molecule was detected, and the assignment of lines to particular sites was performed. The description of the nearest vicinity of all three nitrogen atoms was used to characterize the nature of the intermolecular interactions from the perspective of the local single atoms and to draw some conclusions on the nature of the interactions required for effective recognition and binding. The propensity to form the electrostatic N\u2212H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7O, N\u2212H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7N, and C\u2212H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7O intermolecular hydrogen bonds competitive with two intramolecular hydrogen bonds, strong O\u2212H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7O and very weak N\u2212H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7N, closing the 5-member ring and stiffening the structure, as well as \u03c0\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u03c0 and F\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7F dispersive interactions, were analysed in detail. The hypothesis regarding the similarity of the interaction pattern in the solid and the RNA template was verified. It was discovered that the -NH2 group in the crystal participates in intermolecular hydrogen bonds N\u2013H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7N and N\u2013H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7O, in the precatalytic state only in N\u2013H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7O, while in the active state in N\u2013H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7N and N\u2013H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7O hydrogen bonds, which is of importance to link FVP to the RNA template. Our study elucidates the binding modes of FVP (in crystal, precatalytic, and active forms) in detail and should guide the design of more potent analogues targeting SARS-CoV-2. Strong direct binding of FVP-RTP to both the active site and cofactor discovered by us suggests a possible alternative, allosteric mechanism of FVP action, which may explain the scattering of the results of clinical trials or the synergistic effect observed in combined treatment against SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:24:18Z","timestamp":1681097058000},"page":"3308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Elucidating the Role of Noncovalent Interactions in Favipiravir, a Drug Active against Various Human RNA Viruses; a 1H-14N NQDR\/Periodic DFT\/QTAIM\/RDS\/3D Hirshfeld Surfaces Combined Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jolanta Natalia","family":"Latosi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 2, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Latosi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Pozna\u0144skiego 2, 61-614 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janez","family":"Seliger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veselko","family":"\u017dagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cJo\u017eef Stefan\u201d Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toma\u017e","family":"Apih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cJo\u017eef Stefan\u201d Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6983-7947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Grieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Adolfa Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2001126","article-title":"Another Decade, Another Coronavirus","volume":"382","author":"Perlman","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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