{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:05Z","timestamp":1787029085536,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovations of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent data indicate the link between the number and function of T regulatory cells (Treg) in the gut immune tissue and initiation and development of autoimmunity associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Since type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) in the small intestine are essential for maintaining FoxP3+ Treg and there are no data about the possible role of ILC3 in T1D pathogenesis, the aim of this study was to explore ILC3-Treg link during the development of T1D. Mature diabetic NOD mice had lower frequencies of IL-2-producing ILC3 and Treg in small intestine lamina propria (SILP) compared to prediabetic NOD mice. Similarly, in multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLDS)-induced T1D in C57BL\/6 mice, hyperglycemic mice exhibited lower numbers of ILC3, IL-2+ ILC3 and Treg in SILP compared to healthy controls. To boost T1D severity, mice were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) for 14 days prior to T1D induction by MLDS. The higher incidence of T1D in ABX-treated mice was associated with significantly lower frequencies of IL-2+ ILC3 and FoxP3+ Treg in SILP compared with mice without ABX treatment. The obtained findings show that the lower proportions of IL-2-expressing ILC3 and FoxP3+ Treg in SILP coincided with diabetes progression and severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T02:08:11Z","timestamp":1681265291000},"page":"3366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Mice Is Associated with a Decrease in IL-2-Producing ILC3 and FoxP3+ Treg in the Small Intestine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Saksida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4912-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verica","family":"Paunovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Koprivica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3242-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragica","family":"Mi\u0107anovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1076-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Jevti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9082-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalija","family":"Joni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8542-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Stojanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Pejnovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2787","article-title":"Immune cell crosstalk in type 1 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Lehuen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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