{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:56:23Z","timestamp":1788450983970,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2023R118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted substantial interest due to their superparamagnetic features, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity. The latest progress in the biological production of Fe3O4 NPs by green methods has improved their quality and biological applications significantly. In this study, the fabrication of iron oxide NPs from Spirogyra hyalina and Ajuga bracteosa was conducted via an easy, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective process. The fabricated Fe3O4 NPs were characterized using various analytical methods to study their unique properties. UV-Vis absorption peaks were observed in algal and plant-based Fe3O4 NPs at 289 nm and 306 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyzed diverse bioactive phytochemicals present in algal and plant extracts that functioned as stabilizing and capping agents in the fabrication of algal and plant-based Fe3O4 NPs. X-ray diffraction of NPs revealed the crystalline nature of both biofabricated Fe3O4 NPs and their small size. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that algae and plant-based Fe3O4 NPs are spherical and rod-shaped, averaging 52 nm and 75 nm in size. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the green-synthesized Fe3O4 NPs require a high mass percentage of iron and oxygen to ensure their synthesis. The fabricated plant-based Fe3O4 NPs exhibited stronger antioxidant properties than algal-based Fe3O4 NPs. The algal-based NPs showed efficient antibacterial potential against E. coli, while the plant-based Fe3O4 NPs displayed a higher zone of inhibition against S. aureus. Moreover, plant-based Fe3O4 NPs exhibited superior scavenging and antibacterial potential compared to the algal-based Fe3O4 NPs. This might be due to the greater number of phytochemicals in plants that surround the NPs during their green fabrication. Hence, the capping of bioactive agents over iron oxide NPs improves antibacterial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T02:09:21Z","timestamp":1681351761000},"page":"3403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Biofabrication of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles from Spirogyra hyalina and Ajuga bracteosa and Their Antibacterial Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Shakeeb","family":"Sharif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7785-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajra","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9136-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8239-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshan","family":"Afreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7796-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman A.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosam O.","family":"Elansary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saddam","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6864-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wajid","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117491","article-title":"Nano zero-valent iron improves anammox activity by promoting the activity of quorum sensing system","volume":"202","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2022.107516","article-title":"Synthesis and properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels with high strength and toughness","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. 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