{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:07Z","timestamp":1787029087227,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Removal of benzene is essential for human and environmental health because it has toxic and hazardous properties at various concentrations. Theseneed to be effectively eliminated with carbon-based adsorbents. PASACs, carbon-based adsorbents obtained from using the needles of Pseudotsuga menziesii, were produced by optimized HCl- and H2SO4-impregnated approaches. Regarding physicochemical structure, the optimized PASAC23 and PASAC35 with surface areas of 657 and 581 m2\/g and total pore volumes of 0.36 and 0.32 cm3\/g showed ideal temperatures of 800 \u00b0C. In order to investigate and compare internal benzene removal efficiency, PASAC23 and PASAC35 were studied separately. Initial concentrations were found to range from 5 to 500 mg\/m3, and between 25 and 45 \u00b0C. The removal rate of benzene by PASAC23 and PASAC35 was 97 and 94% at low concentrations, respectively. While the highest capture amount for PASAC23 and PASAC35 was found to be at 25 \u00b0C with 141 and 116 mg\/g, the adsorption capacity decreased to 102 and 90 mg\/g at 45 \u00b0C. The holding capacity decreased between 22.41 and 27.66% due to increasing temperatures. After five cycles of PASAC23 and PASAC35 regeneration, we found that they could remove 62.37 and 58.46% of benzene, respectively. These results confirmed that PASAC23 is a promising environmentally adsorbent for effectively removing benzene with a competitive yield.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T02:03:38Z","timestamp":1681437818000},"page":"3453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A Study on the Gaseous Benzene Removal Based on Adsorption onto the Cost-Effective and Environmentally Friendly Adsorbent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1850-7515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Isinkaralar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125731","article-title":"Hazardous volatile organic compounds in ambient air of China","volume":"246","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.03.012","article-title":"Role of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emitted by urban trees on ozone concentration in cities: A review","volume":"183","author":"Calfapietra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.08.014","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Mexico City","volume":"119","author":"Huertas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2000). Benzene Air Quality Guidelines for Europe."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.10.022","article-title":"Health risk assessment of personal inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in Tianjin, China","volume":"409","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"IARC (1987). Summaries & Evaluations: Benzene (Group 1), IARC Monographs on the Carcinogenicity of Chemicals to Humans, Supplement 7."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.072","article-title":"Health risk assessment and personal exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in metro carriages\u2014A case study in Shanghai, China","volume":"574","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-3629-2010","article-title":"Application of positive matrix factorization to on-road measurements for source apportionment of diesel-and gasoline-powered vehicle emissions in Mexico City","volume":"10","author":"Thornhill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuai, J., Kim, S., Ryu, H., Park, J., Lee, C.K., Kim, G.-B., Ultra, V.U., and Yang, W. (2018). Health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds exposure near Daegu dyeing industrial complex in South Korea. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5454-1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134137","article-title":"An eight-city study of volatile organic compounds in Chinese residences: Compounds, concentrations, and characteristics","volume":"698","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M., Kim, K., Cho, C., and Kim, D. (2021). Reduction of volatile organic compounds (Vocs) emissions from laundry dry-cleaning by an integrated treatment process of condensation and adsorption. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9091658"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.02.004","article-title":"A multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis in indoor dust of several classes of semi-volatile organic compounds by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1336","author":"Mercier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.07.094","article-title":"A rapid method for the chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of tobacco cigarette and electronic cigarette smokers","volume":"1410","author":"Marco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101276","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds emission inventory of organic chemical raw material industry","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137489","article-title":"Environmental and human health impacts of volatile organic compounds: A perspective review","volume":"313","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.12.014","article-title":"Personal exposure and source characteristics of carbonyl compounds and BTEXs within homes in Beijing, China","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2019.08.003","article-title":"Recent advancements in photocatalyst-based platforms for the destruction of gaseous benzene: Performance evaluation of different modes of photocatalytic operations and against adsorption techniques","volume":"41","author":"Vikrant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66728","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20579-2","article-title":"High-efficiency removal of benzene vapor using activated carbon from Althaea officinalis L. biomass as a lignocellulosic precursor","volume":"29","author":"Isinkaralar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.05.032","article-title":"The efficacy of GAC\/MgO composite for destructive adsorption of benzene from waste air stream","volume":"228","author":"Moussavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24283-6","article-title":"Removal of benzene, MTBE and toluene from contaminated waters using biochar-based liquid activated carbon","volume":"12","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130977","article-title":"Evidence of the dominant role of particle size in controlling the dynamic adsorption breakthrough behavior of gaseous benzene in a microporous carbon bed system","volume":"427","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127813","article-title":"The dynamic competition in adsorption between gaseous benzene and moisture on metal-organic frameworks across their varying concentration levels","volume":"421","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-021-02287-y","article-title":"Experimental study of formaldehyde and BTEX adsorption onto activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass","volume":"13","author":"Isinkaralar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGW.2022.122430","article-title":"Activated carbon production from horse chestnut shells for hydrogen storage","volume":"26","author":"Isinkaralar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Glob. Warm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131148","article-title":"Crayfish shell-based micro-mesoporous activated carbon: Insight into preparation and gaseous benzene adsorption mechanism","volume":"428","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13892","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-019-03869-y","article-title":"High benzene adsorption capacity of micro-mesoporous carbon spheres prepared from XAD-4 resin beads with pores protected effectively by silica","volume":"54","author":"Osuchowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121317","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of a new waste-derived mesoporous carbon structure for ultrahigh adsorption of benzene and toluene at ambient conditions","volume":"384","author":"Tehrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.02.012","article-title":"VOCs removal by adsorption onto activated carbons from biocollagenic wastes of vegetable tanning","volume":"245","author":"Gil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2020.110220","article-title":"Molecular simulation of benzene adsorption on different activated carbon under different temperatures","volume":"302","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02558-2","article-title":"Theoretical removal study of gas BTEX onto activated carbon produced from Digitalis purpurea L. biomass","volume":"12","author":"Isinkaralar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-013-0745-7","article-title":"Ecological consequences of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cultivation in Europe","volume":"133","author":"Schmid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132801","article-title":"Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution on activated carbons and composite prepared from an agricultural waste biomass: A comparative study by experimental and advanced modeling analysis","volume":"430","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Raman, A.A.A., Buthiyappan, A., Chan, A.A., and Khor, Y.Y. (2023). Oxidant-assisted adsorption using lignocellulosic biomass-based activated carbon. Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s42823-022-00399-7","article-title":"Simultaneous adsorption of selected VOCs in the gas environment by low-cost adsorbent from Ricinus communis","volume":"32","author":"Isinkaralar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbon Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4941231","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4941231","article-title":"A green approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ultrasonic radiation\u2019s times in sodium alginate media: Characterization and antibacterial evaluation","volume":"2016","author":"Faried","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.12.043","article-title":"Marine macroalgae Pelvetia canaliculata (Phaeophyceae) as a natural cation exchanger for cadmium and lead ions separation in aqueous solutions","volume":"242","author":"Hackbarth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.04.037","article-title":"Optimization of nickel biosorption by chemically modified brown macroalgae (Pelvetia canaliculata)","volume":"193","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.10.075","article-title":"Removal of anionic dyes (Reactive Black 5 and Congo Red) from aqueous solutions using Banana Peel Powder as an adsorbent","volume":"148","author":"Munagapati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2020.05.004","article-title":"Powdered biosorbent from pecan pericarp (Carya illinoensis) as an efficient material to uptake methyl violet 2B from effluents in batch and column operations","volume":"31","author":"Georgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.114546","article-title":"Low-cost activated carbon preparation from Corn stigmata fibers chemically activated using H3PO4, ZnCl2 and KOH: Study of methylene blue adsorption, stochastic isotherm and fractal kinetic","volume":"178","author":"Mbarki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2008.03.005","article-title":"Fracture toughness of the nano-particle reinforced epoxy composite","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1039\/C0NR00609B","article-title":"Making silica nanoparticle-covered graphene oxide nanohybrids as general building blocks for large-area superhydrophilic coatings","volume":"3","author":"Kou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646","article-title":"Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17214","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05086-1","article-title":"Temporal variations of atmospheric benzene and its health effects in Tehran megacity (2010\u20132013)","volume":"26","author":"Jafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.11.003","article-title":"Characteristics and health impacts of VOCs and carbonyls associated with residential cooking activities in Hong Kong","volume":"186","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaiklieng, S., Suggaravetsiri, P., and Autrup, H. (2019). Risk assessment on benzene exposure among gasoline station workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142545"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125056","article-title":"Metal-organic frameworks functionalized smart textiles for adsorptive removal of hazardous aromatic pollutants from ambient air","volume":"411","author":"Jhinjer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Li, Y., and Zhu, J. (2021). Straw-based activated carbon: Optimization of the preparation procedure and performance of volatile organic compounds adsorption. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123284"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.07.002","article-title":"Energy efficient indoor VOC air cleaning with activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters","volume":"47","author":"Sidheswaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-015-9685-5","article-title":"Activated carbon fibers for efficient VOC removal from diluted streams: The role of surface morphology","volume":"21","author":"Baur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.04.218","article-title":"Experimental and DFT study on the adsorption of VOCs on activated carbon\/metal oxides composites","volume":"372","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isinkaralar, K. (2023). Experimental evaluation of benzene adsorption in the gas phase using activated carbon from waste biomass. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery, 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-03979-3"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.06.066","article-title":"Evaluation of activated carbon for remediating benzene contamination: Adsorption and oxidative regeneration","volume":"182","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.01.050","article-title":"The effect of diverse metal oxides in graphene composites on the adsorption isotherm of gaseous benzene","volume":"172","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132520","article-title":"Insights into the performance of the two contrasting dynamic adsorption platforms in the removal of gaseous benzene on microporous carbon materials","volume":"364","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.116213","article-title":"Adsorption materials for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the key factors for VOCs adsorption process: A review","volume":"235","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.126010","article-title":"The interactive roles of space velocity and particle size in a microporous carbon bed system in controlling adsorptive removal of gaseous benzene under ambient conditions","volume":"401","author":"Ha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105774","article-title":"Record-high capture of volatile benzene and toluene enabled by activator implant-optimized banana peel-derived engineering carbonaceous adsorbents","volume":"143","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2006). Standard Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels (Standard No. ASTM Standard E872-85)."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2006). Standard Test Method for MOISTURE analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels (Standard No. ASTM Standard E871-82)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2007). Standard Test Method for Ash in Biomass (Standard No. ASTM Standard E1755-01)."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"US EPA (1999). Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling onto Sorbent Tubes, Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Second Edition Compendium Method TO-17."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.109869","article-title":"Hydrophobic design of adsorbent for VOC removal in humid environment and quick regeneration by microwave","volume":"294","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.169","article-title":"Optimization to prepare porous carbon from mustard husk using response surface methodology adopted with central composite design","volume":"223","author":"Charola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/8\/3453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:15:53Z","timestamp":1760123753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/8\/3453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28083453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28083453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]}}}