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A wide range of volatile metabolites present in exhaled breath have been linked with gut microbiota and proposed as a non-invasive marker for monitoring pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the possible correlation between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath and the fecal microbiome by multivariate statistical analysis in gastric cancer patients (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 33). Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to characterize the fecal microbiota. Breath-VOC profiles in the same participants were identified by an untargeted gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) technique. A multivariate statistical approach involving a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and sparse principal component analysis identified the significant relationship between the breath VOCs and fecal microbiota. This relation was found to differ between gastric cancer patients and healthy controls. In 16 cancer cases, 14 distinct metabolites identified from the breath belonging to hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatics, ketones, ethers, and organosulfur compounds were highly correlated with 33 fecal bacterial taxa (correlation of 0.891, p-value 0.045), whereas in 33 healthy controls, 7 volatile metabolites belonging to alcohols, aldehydes, esters, phenols, and benzamide derivatives correlated with 17 bacterial taxa (correlation of 0.871, p-value 0.0007). This study suggested that the correlation between fecal microbiota and breath VOCs was effective in identifying exhaled volatile metabolites and the functional effects of microbiome, thus helping to understand cancer-related changes and improving the survival and life expectancy in gastric cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T02:02:59Z","timestamp":1681696979000},"page":"3488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Volatile Markers for Cancer in Exhaled Breath\u2014Could They Be the Signature of the Gut Microbiota?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2712-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manohar Prasad","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inese","family":"Polaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinis","family":"Vangravs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7765-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Mezmale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4380-9534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktors","family":"Veliks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1252-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnis","family":"Kirshners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Mochalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Dias-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0319-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcis","family":"Leja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Digestive Diseases Center GASTRO, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut microbiome and health: Mechanistic insights","volume":"71","author":"Tilg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658354","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.658354","article-title":"Impact of Bacterial Metabolites on Gut Barrier Function and Host Immunity: A Focus on Bacterial Metabolism and its Relevance for Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Gasaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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