{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:42:41Z","timestamp":1791891761591,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cAssessment of biological hazards in sports facilities\u201d project under the \u201cFU2N\u2014Young Scientists\u2019 Skills Improvement Fund\u201d program supporting scientific excellence at Lodz University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the markers of chemical and microbiological contamination of the air at sport centers (e.g., the fitness center in Poland) including the determination of particulate matter, CO2, formaldehyde (DustTrak\u2122 DRX Aerosol Monitor; Multi-functional Air Quality Detector), volatile organic compound (VOC) concentration (headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry), the number of microorganisms in the air (culture methods), and microbial biodiversity (high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina platform). Additionally the number of microorganisms and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (PCR) on the surfaces was determined. Total particle concentration varied between 0.0445 mg m\u22123 and 0.0841 mg m\u22123 with the dominance (99.65\u201399.99%) of the PM2.5 fraction. The CO2 concentration ranged from 800 ppm to 2198 ppm, while the formaldehyde concentration was from 0.005 mg\/m3 to 0.049 mg m\u22123. A total of 84 VOCs were identified in the air collected from the gym. Phenol, D-limonene, toluene, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol dominated in the air at the tested facilities. The average daily number of bacteria was 7.17 \u00d7 102 CFU m\u22123\u20131.68 \u00d7 103 CFU m\u22123, while the number of fungi was 3.03 \u00d7 103 CFU m\u22123\u20137.34 \u00d7 103 CFU m\u22123. In total, 422 genera of bacteria and 408 genera of fungi representing 21 and 11 phyla, respectively, were detected in the gym. The most abundant bacteria and fungi (&gt;1%) that belonged to the second and third groups of health hazards were: Escherichia-Shigella, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. In addition, other species that may be allergenic (Epicoccum) or infectious (Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Sporobolomyces) were present in the air. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was detected on surfaces in the gym. The monitoring proposal for the assessment of the air quality at a sport center includes the following markers: total particle concentration with the PM2.5 fraction, CO2 concentration, VOCs (phenol, toluene, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol), and the number of bacteria and fungi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T01:09:22Z","timestamp":1681866562000},"page":"3560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Markers of Chemical and Microbiological Contamination of the Air in the Sport Centers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Szulc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4980-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Okrasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute, 90-133 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0430-0102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ryngaj\u0142\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-573 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3107-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pielech-Przybylska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9523-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Gutarowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-019-09613-y","article-title":"Microbial diversity of bioaerosol inside sports facilities and antibiotic resistance of isolated Staphylococcus spp.","volume":"35","author":"Kubera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.08.026","article-title":"Exposure to indoor air pollutants during physical activity in fitness centers","volume":"82","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, March 22). WHO Physical Activity Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-HEP-HPR-RUN-2021.2."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, March 29). Deloitte Sports Retail Study 2020. Findings from a Central European Consumer Survey. Available online: https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/pl\/pl\/pages\/consumer-business\/articles\/sports-retail-study-2020.html."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52576","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14323-5","article-title":"Investigation and disinfection of bacteria and fungi in sports fitness center","volume":"28","author":"Boonrattanakij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-020-0047-y","article-title":"A comprehensive review on indoor air quality monitoring systems for enhanced public health","volume":"30","author":"Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szulc, J., Cichowicz, R., Gutarowski, M., Okrasa, M., and Gutarowska, B. (2023). Assessment of Dust, Chemical, Microbiological Pollutions and Microclimatic Parameters of Indoor Air in Sports Facilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021551"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108589","article-title":"Indoor air quality in sports center: Assessment of gaseous pollutants","volume":"208","author":"Bralewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12781","article-title":"Quantification and source characterization of volatile organic compounds from exercising and application of chlorine-based cleaning products in a university athletic center","volume":"31","author":"Finewax","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2019.1587552","article-title":"On the interpretation of bioaerosol exposure measurements and impacts on health","volume":"69","author":"Mbareche","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.08.027","article-title":"Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health","volume":"67","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00280-6","article-title":"Survival of bacterial and mold spores in air filter media","volume":"35","author":"Maus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2005.02.004","article-title":"Indoor air quality\u2014Bioaerosol measurements in domestic and office premises","volume":"36","author":"Kalogerakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0144-z","article-title":"Sources of airborne microorganisms in the built environment","volume":"3","author":"Prussin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"8","article-title":"The sports ball as a fomite for transmission of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"80","author":"Haghverdian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2022, March 29). CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mrsa\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bragoszewska, E., Biedro\u0144, I., and Mainka, A. (2020). Microbiological air quality in a highschool gym located in an urban area of Southern Poland-preliminary research. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11080797"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1720","article-title":"Concentration of air-borne microorganisms in sport facilities","volume":"16","author":"Kic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agron. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/mrji\/2018\/v26i630084","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria Isolated from Fitness Machines in Selected Fitness Centers at Akure and Elizade University in Ondo State Nigeria","volume":"26","author":"Fadare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12544","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111212544","article-title":"Diversity of Bacterial Communities of Fitness Center Surfaces in a U.S. Metropolitan Area","volume":"11","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108313","article-title":"On the gym air temperature supporting exercise and comfort","volume":"206","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, March 29). International Fitness Association Gym Temperature and Noise Standards. Available online: https:\/\/www.ifafitness.com\/health\/temperature.htm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.08.026","article-title":"Using air movement for comfort during moderate exercise","volume":"94","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Bralewska; Rogula-Koz\u0142owska; Bralewski Size-Segregated Particulate Matter in a Selected Sports Facility in Poland. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11246911"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2008). Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Off. J. Eur. Union, L152, 1\u201344."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.03.001","article-title":"Scientific production on indoor air quality of environments used for physical exercise and sports practice: Bibliometric analysis","volume":"196","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31815ef98b","article-title":"Ultrafine and Fine Particulate Matter Inhalation Decreases Exercise Performance in Healthy Subjects","volume":"22","author":"Rundell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262311","article-title":"Small Things Make a Big Difference","volume":"42","author":"Cutrufello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","article-title":"Cardiovascular Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution","volume":"109","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370304468","article-title":"Ultrafine Particle Deposition in Humans During Rest and Exercise","volume":"15","author":"Daigle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.118","article-title":"Indoor aerosol size distributions in a gymnasium","volume":"524\u2013525","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phalen, R.F. (2009). Inhalation Studies: Foundations and Techniques, Informa Healthcare. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420003260"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). WHO Guidelines for Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, WHO."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2022, March 29). Environmental Protection Agency National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2015-02\/documents\/criteria.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ac5230","article-title":"Volatile compounds in human breath: Critical review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Issitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EA00054G","article-title":"Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the usage of benzalkonium chloride and other disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium compounds","volume":"3","author":"Jahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103497","article-title":"Fragranced Products and VOCs","volume":"119","author":"Singal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherzad, M., and Jung, C. (2022). Evaluating the emission of VOCs and HCHO from furniture based on the surface finish methods and retention periods. Front. Built Environ., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2022.1062255"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2022, March 29). Phenol and Phenolic Compound. Available online: https:\/\/cpcb.nic.in\/uploads\/News_Letter_Phenols_Phenolic_Compounds_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, March 29). European Chemicals Agency Phenol. Available online: https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/pl\/substance-information\/-\/substanceinfo\/100.003.303."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"347","article-title":"Phenols\u2014Sources and toxicity","volume":"16","author":"Duda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polish J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59214","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09860-4","article-title":"Investigation on air quality of specific indoor environments\u2014Spa salons located in Gdynia, Poland","volume":"28","author":"Pytel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111707","article-title":"Passive sampling of toluene (and benzene) in indoor air using a semipermeable membrane device","volume":"208","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12017","article-title":"Comprehensive review of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as an indoor air pollutant","volume":"61","author":"Wakayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2022, March 29). European Commission\u2014Employment Social Affairs & Inclusion Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for 2-Ethylhexanol. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiX7PGYnLP-AhXis4sKHREOAH8QFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fsocial%2FBlobServlet%3FdocId%3D6660%26langId%3Den&usg=AOvVaw0sUX_qCunAQmBjIZhWuHFe."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Po\u015bniak, M., and Skowro\u0144, J. (2020). The Interdepartmental Commission for Maximum Admissible Concentrations and Intensities for Agents Harmful to Health in the Working Environment: Limit Values 2020, CIOP-PIB."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006). Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide: Global Update 2005: Summary of Risk Assessment, WHO."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, R.I., Bhangar, S., Pasut, W., Arens, E.A., Taylor, J.W., Lindow, S.E., Nazaroff, W.W., and Bruns, T.D. (2015). Chamber bioaerosol study: Outdoor air and human occupants as sources of indoor airborne microbes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128022"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8289","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02069-12","article-title":"Seasonal Variations of Indoor Microbial Exposures and Their Relation to Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Air Exchange Rate","volume":"78","author":"Frankel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-015-9372-8","article-title":"Assessment of microbiological contamination in the work environments of museums, archives and libraries","volume":"31","author":"Gutarowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_51.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). Commission Directive"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_51.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2019\/1833 of 24 October 2019 Amending Annexes I, III, V and VI to Directive 2000\/54\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as Regards Purely Technical Adjustments, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.15374\/FZ2019045","article-title":"Ocena ska\u017cenia mikrobiologicznego powierzchni sprz\u0119tu do \u0107wicze\u0144 w si\u0142owniach","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forum Zaka\u017ce\u0144"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37020","DOI":"10.14393\/BJ-v37n0a2021-50400","article-title":"Molecular identification of microbial contaminations in the fitness center in Makkah region","volume":"37","author":"Turkstani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. J."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"50","article-title":"Prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci species isolated from computer keyboards located in secondary and postsecondary schools","volume":"75","author":"Boa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02553","article-title":"Genome Structure of the Opportunistic Pathogen Paracoccus yeei (Alphaproteobacteria) and Identification of Putative Virulence Factors","volume":"9","author":"Lasek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1289-1294.2003","article-title":"Paracoccus yeeii sp. nov. (Formerly CDC Group EO-2), a Novel Bacterial Species Associated with Human Infection","volume":"41","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-010-9452-2","article-title":"Rubellimicrobium roseum sp. nov., a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from the forest soil sample","volume":"98","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.4.1944-1955.2004","article-title":"Occurrence and Phylogenetic Diversity of Sphingomonas Strains in Soils Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons","volume":"70","author":"Leys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.09.021","article-title":"Sphingomonas paucimobilis-related bone and soft-tissue infections: A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Fares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnab105","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnab105","article-title":"Extremophilic taxa predominate in a microbial community of photovoltaic panels in a tropical region","volume":"368","author":"Moura","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01046","article-title":"Optimization of cellulase production by Enhydrobacter sp. ACCA2 and its application in biomass saccharification","volume":"6","author":"Premalatha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X10380120","article-title":"Prevalence of Fungi in Indoor Air with Reference to Gymnasiums with Swimming Pools","volume":"19","author":"Viegas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718261","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.718261","article-title":"Succession of Fungal Communities at Different Developmental Stages of Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes from an Organic Vineyard in Xinjiang","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003206","article-title":"Vishniacozyma ellesmerensis sp. nov., a psychrophilic yeast isolated from a retreating glacier in the Canadian High Arctic","volume":"69","author":"Tsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3897\/mycokeys.47.31130","article-title":"Phylogenetic and morphological studies in Xylodon (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) with the addition of four new species","volume":"47","author":"Riebesehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"MycoKeys"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"59","article-title":"Mushroom Biodiversity of Cross River National Park (Oban Hills Division), Nigeria","volume":"65","author":"Markson","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Sci. News"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Aronsen, A., and L\u00e6ss\u00f8e, T. (2016). Fungi of Northern Europe, Volume 5: The Genus Mycena s.l., Svampetryk."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"de Hoog, G.S., Guarro, J., Gen\u00e9, J., Ahmed, S., Al-Hatmi, A.M.S., Figueras, M.J., and Vitale, R.G. (2001). Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X1984415","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X19844154","article-title":"Sporobolomyces salmonicolor: A case report of a rare cutaneous fungal infection","volume":"7","author":"Damji","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilinsky, Y., Lapshina, V., Verzhutsky, D., Fedorova, Y., and Medvedev, S. (2022). Genetic Evidence of an Isolation Barrier between Flea Subspecies of Citellophilus tesquorum (Wagner, 1898) (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae). Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020126"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596852","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.596852","article-title":"Application of a Medical Diode Laser (810 nm) for Disinfecting Small Microbiologically Contaminated Spots on Degraded Collagenous Materials for Improved Biosafety in Objects of Exceptional Historical Value From the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Prot","volume":"11","author":"Rybitwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2020.105055","article-title":"Irradiation with medical diode laser as a new method of spot-elimination of microorganisms to preserve historical cellulosic objects and human health","volume":"154","author":"Rybitwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutarowska, B., Szulc, J., Nowak, A., Otlewska, A., and Okrasa, M. (2018). Dust at various workplaces-microbiological and toxicological threats. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050877"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JAMB\/2017\/37951","article-title":"An Overview of Cultural, Molecular and Metagenomic Techniques in Description of Microbial Diversity","volume":"7","author":"Edet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2022, April 26). Polish Ministry of Health Coronavirus Infections Report (SARS-CoV-2), Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/koronawirus\/wykaz-zarazen-koronawirusem-sars-cov-2."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.210833","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Superspread in Fitness Center, Hong Kong, China, March 2021","volume":"27","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210106","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.210106","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance and Transmission Risk Assessments for SARS-CoV-2 in a Fitness Center","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7009e2","article-title":"COVID-19 Outbreak Among Attendees of an Exercise Facility\u2014Chicago, Illinois, August\u2013September 2020","volume":"70","author":"Lendacki","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helsingen, L.M., L\u00f8berg, M., Refsum, E., Gj\u00f8stein, D.K., Wieszczy, P., Olsvik, \u00d8., Juul, F.E., Barua, I., Jodal, H.C., and Herfindal, M. (2021). COVID-19 transmission in fitness centers in Norway\u2014A randomized trial. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12073-0"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12718","article-title":"Human exposure to air contaminants in sports environments","volume":"30","author":"Salonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.06.006","article-title":"Airborne contamination in the food industry: An update on monitoring and disinfection techniques of air","volume":"90","author":"Masotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063780X21030107","article-title":"Physical Methods of Disinfection (A Review)","volume":"47","author":"Vasilyak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0595-2","article-title":"Efficacy of disinfectant-impregnated wipes used for surface disinfection in hospitals: A review","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.07.014","article-title":"Disinfection methods against SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Xavier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)80947-X","article-title":"A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas\u2014Liquid partition chromatography","volume":"11","author":"Kratz","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2023, March 25). NIST Chemistry WebBook, Available online: https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2019). Workplace Exposure\u2014Measurement of Airborne Microorganisms and Microbial Compounds\u2014General Requirements (Standard No. CEN EN 13098:2019)."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.05.014","article-title":"Illumina metabarcoding of a soil fungal community","volume":"65","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318394","article-title":"Organization of ribosomal DNA in the basidiomycete Thanatephorus praticola","volume":"18","author":"Vilgalys","year":"1990","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: A versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f5ljalg, U., Nilsson, H.R., Schigel, D., Tedersoo, L., Larsson, K.-H., May, T.W., Taylor, A.F.S., Jeppesen, T.S., Fr\u00f8slev, T.G., and Lindahl, B.D. (2020). The Taxon Hypothesis Paradigm\u2014On the Unambiguous Detection and Communication of Taxa. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121910"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Evans, J.D. (1995). Straightforward Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Duxbury Press."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/8\/3560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:18:28Z","timestamp":1760123908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/8\/3560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28083560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28083560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]}}}