{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:32:23Z","timestamp":1784673143852,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["256448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["256448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INP-NC093280.1\/NC123280.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INP-NC093280.1\/NC123280.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NC123240.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC123240.1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institutional project","award":["256448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["256448"]}]},{"name":"Institutional project","award":["226454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226454"]}]},{"name":"Institutional project","award":["INP-NC093280.1\/NC123280.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INP-NC093280.1\/NC123280.0"]}]},{"name":"Institutional project","award":["NC123240.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC123240.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anxiety is a mental disorder with a growing worldwide incidence due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. Pharmacological therapy includes drugs such as benzodiazepines (BDZs) or azapirones like buspirone (BUSP) or analogs, which unfortunately produce severe adverse effects or no immediate response, respectively. Medicinal plants or their bioactive metabolites are a shared global alternative to treat anxiety. Palmitone is one active compound isolated from Annona species due to its tranquilizing activity. However, its influence on neural activity and possible mechanism of action are unknown. In this study, an electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral power analysis was used to corroborate its depressant activity in comparison with the anxiolytic-like effects of reference drugs such as diazepam (DZP, 1 mg\/kg) and BUSP (4 mg\/kg) or 8-OH-DPAT (1 mg\/kg), alone or in the presence of the GABAA (picrotoxin, PTX, 1 mg\/kg) or serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonists (WAY100634, WAY, 1 mg\/kg). The anxiolytic-like activity was assayed using the behavioral response of mice employing open-field, hole-board, and plus-maze tests. EEG activity was registered in both the frontal and parietal cortex, performing a 10 min baseline and 30 min recording after the treatments. As a result, anxiety-like behavior was significantly decreased in mice administered with palmitone, DZP, BUSP, or 8-OH-DPAT. The effect of palmitone was equivalent to that produced by 5-HT1A receptor agonists but 50% less effective than DZP. The presence of PTX and WAY prevented the anxiolytic-like response of DZP and 8-OH-DPAT, respectively. Whereas only the antagonist of the 5-HT1A receptor (WAY) inhibited the palmitone effects. Palmitone and BUSP exhibited similar changes in the relative power bands after the spectral power analysis. This response was different to the changes induced by DZP. In conclusion, brain electrical activity was associated with the anxiolytic-like effects of palmitone implying a serotoninergic rather than a GABAergic mechanism of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T06:20:42Z","timestamp":1682317242000},"page":"3680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anxiolytic-like Effects and Quantitative EEG Profile of Palmitone Induces Responses Like Buspirone Rather Than Diazepam as Clinical Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5502-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Onofre-Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofarmacolog\u00eda de Productos Naturales, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Calz. M\u00e9xico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14370, Mexico"},{"name":"Biolog\u00eda Experimental, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4399-1508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Eva","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Trujano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofarmacolog\u00eda de Productos Naturales, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Calz. M\u00e9xico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1968-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Fernando","family":"Moreno-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofarmacolog\u00eda de Productos Naturales, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Calz. M\u00e9xico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Narv\u00e1ez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISSSTE Hospital Regional General Ignacio Zaragoza, Calz. Ignacio Zaragoza 1840, Juan Escutia, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 David","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda del Control y la Regulaci\u00f3n, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Calz. M\u00e9xico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Villasana-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda del Control y la Regulaci\u00f3n, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Calz. M\u00e9xico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6392-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda del Control y la Regulaci\u00f3n, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Calz. M\u00e9xico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00497","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.497","article-title":"A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations","volume":"6","author":"Remes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.2\/bbandelow","article-title":"Treatment of anxiety disorders","volume":"19","author":"Bandelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialog. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2015.1049996","article-title":"Emerging drugs for the treatment of anxiety","volume":"20","author":"Murrough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20041","article-title":"Anxiety disorders: A comprehensive review of pharmacotherapies","volume":"75","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mt. Sinai J. Med. A J. Transl. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820230054005","article-title":"Antidepressants for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Imipramine, Trazodone, and Diazepam","volume":"50","author":"Rickels","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26S","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199006001-00006","article-title":"Serotonin: A common neurobiologic substrate in anxiety and depression","volume":"10","author":"Eison","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182327","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.2327","article-title":"Association of Use of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Changes in Severity of Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Fatty Acids Mixture Reduces Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Infant Rats Mediated by GABAA Receptors","volume":"2017","author":"Contreras","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frausto-Gonz\u00e1lez, O., Bautista, C.J., Narv\u00e1ez-Gonz\u00e1lez, F., Hern\u00e1ndez-Le\u00f3n, A., Estrada-Camarena, E., Rivero-Cruz, F., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Trujano, M.E. (2021). Bertholletia excelsa Seeds Reduce Anxiety-Like Behavior, Lipids, and Overweight in Mice. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113212"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"121794","article-title":"Participation of GABAAChloride Channels in the Anxiolytic-Like Effects of a Fatty Acid Mixture","volume":"2013","author":"Contreras","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.07.017","article-title":"Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic and sedative effects of Tilia americana L. var. mexicana in mice","volume":"109","author":"Moreno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2174\/2215083805666190514082338","article-title":"Fatty Acids and Herbal Medicine","volume":"5","author":"Elyasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.04.074","article-title":"Evaluation of BBB permeable nucleolipid (NLDPU): A di-C15-ketalised palmitone appended uridine as neuro-tracer for SPECT","volume":"565","author":"Swastika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00827.x","article-title":"Anticonvulsant Effect of Annona diversifolia Saff. and Palmitone on Penicillin-induced Convulsive Activity. A Behavioral and EEG Study in Rats","volume":"47","author":"Tapia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.12.066","article-title":"Palmitone prevents pentylenetetrazole-caused neuronal damage in the CA3 hippocampal region of prepubertal rats","volume":"470","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.11.017","article-title":"Antinociceptive activity of Annona diversifolia Saff. leaf extracts and palmitone as a bioactive compound","volume":"95","author":"Carballo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.942","article-title":"Isolation and antimicrobial evaluation of isomeric hydroxy ketones in leaf cuticular waxes of Annona squamosa","volume":"18","author":"Shanker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-931598","article-title":"Palmitone Isolated from Annona diversifolia Induces an Anxiolytic-Like Effect in Mice","volume":"72","author":"Navarrete","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.05.078","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like actions of the hexane extract from leaves of Annona cherimolia in two anxiety paradigms: Possible involvement of the GABA\/benzodiazepine receptor complex","volume":"78","author":"Heinze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-11504","article-title":"Anticonvulsant Properties and Bio-Guided Isolation of Palmitone from Leaves of Annona diversifolia","volume":"67","author":"Navarrete","year":"2001","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.2\/wcarlezon","article-title":"Behavioral methods to study anxiety in rodents","volume":"19","author":"Lezak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialog- Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012811","article-title":"Investigating models of affect: Relationships among EEG alpha asymmetry, depression, and anxiety","volume":"8","author":"Mathersul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.4.715","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: A meta-analytic review","volume":"115","author":"Thibodeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.12.009","article-title":"Behavioral and electroencephalographic evaluation of the anticonvulsive activity of Moringa oleifera leaf non-polar extracts and one metabolite in PTZ-induced seizures","volume":"39","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113866","article-title":"Pharmacological and toxicological effects of Ruta chalepensis L. on experimentally induced seizures and electroencephalographic spectral power in mice","volume":"271","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2022.01.002","article-title":"Tabernaemontana arborea and ibogaine induce paroxysmal EEG activity in freely moving mice: Involvement of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors","volume":"89","author":"Krengel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-104776","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antiprotozoal and Cytotoxic Activities of Indole Alkaloids and Benzofuran Neolignan of Aristolochia cordigera","volume":"83","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"6","article-title":"Preclinical Evaluation of Anxiolytic Activity of Aristolochia indica (Linn) Leaf Extract in Swiss Albino Mice","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAJP"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM00380A","article-title":"Self-assembling modified neuropeptide S enhances nose-to-brain penetration and exerts a prolonged anxiolytic-like effect","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.06.002","article-title":"The saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, induces anxiety-like behavior in mice","volume":"63","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290060075015","article-title":"Neurotransmitters in Anxiety","volume":"39","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1998.10718753","article-title":"Anxiety and adipose essential fatty acid precursors for prostaglandin E1 and E2","volume":"17","author":"Mamalakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.09.018","article-title":"Effect of repeated administration of Annona diversifolia Saff. (ilama) extracts and palmitone on rat amygdala kindling","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2422758","article-title":"Steroid Hormone Metabolites Are Barbiturate-Like Modulators of the GABA Receptor","volume":"232","author":"Majewska","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000290","article-title":"The anxiolytic-like effect of rutin in rats involves GABAA receptors in the basolateral amygdala","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00521","article-title":"EEG Frequency Bands in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Resting State Studies","volume":"12","author":"Newson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.02.004","article-title":"Where Does EEG Come from and What Does It Mean?","volume":"40","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-008-0189-x","article-title":"Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: Implications for neurocircuitry models of depression","volume":"213","author":"Drevets","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00592-7","article-title":"Physical activity reduces anxiety and regulates brain fatty acid synthesis","volume":"13","author":"Liskiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114193","article-title":"Characterization of pharmaco-EEG fingerprint and sleep-wake profiles of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil inhalation and diazepam administration in rats","volume":"276","author":"Manor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01496-8","article-title":"The influence of diazepam on the electroencephalogram-evoked potential interrelation in rats","volume":"293","author":"Jongsma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.015","article-title":"The value of genetic and pharmacological approaches to understanding the complexities of GABAA receptor subtype functions: The anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines","volume":"90","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.10.002","article-title":"Aligning strategies for using EEG as a surrogate biomarker: A review of preclinical and clinical research","volume":"81","author":"Leiser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00539.2013","article-title":"EEG-\u03b2\/\u03b3 spectral power elevation in rat: A translatable biomarker elicited by GABAA\u03b12\/3-positive allosteric modulators at nonsedating anxiolytic doses","volume":"113","author":"Christian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"464","article-title":"Pharmacological Dissociation of EEG and Behavior: A Basic Problem in Sleep-Wake Classification","volume":"14","author":"Coenen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.03.017","article-title":"Effects of diazepam and zolpidem on EEG beta frequencies are behavior-specific in rats","volume":"47","author":"Drinkenburg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107077733","article-title":"Pharmacological models in healthy volunteers: Their use in the clinical development of psychotropic drugs","volume":"21","author":"Gilles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940603700205","article-title":"EEG Topography and Tomography (LORETA) in the Classification and Evaluation of the Pharmacodynamics of Psychotropic Drugs","volume":"37","author":"Saletu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.042341","article-title":"Mechanism-Based Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Electroencephalogram Effects of GABAAReceptor Modulators: In Vitro-in Vivo Correlations","volume":"304","author":"VVisser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(85)90208-2","article-title":"Topographic EEG changes with benzodiazepine administration in generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"20","author":"Buchsbaum","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89011-y","article-title":"Atypical electrophysiological and behavioral responses to diazepam in a leading mouse model of Down syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Victorino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.10.044","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal patterns of electrocorticographic spectral changes during midazolam sedation","volume":"127","author":"Nishida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.08.008","article-title":"Depressant effect of geraniol on the central nervous system of rats: Behavior and ECoG power spectra","volume":"41","author":"Medeiros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.09.020","article-title":"Characterization of fluoxetine effects on ethanol withdrawal-induced cortical hyperexcitability by EEG spectral power in rats","volume":"77","author":"Cheaha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.03.006","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cholinergic brain activity and its reflection in special EEG frequency ranges from various brain areas in the freely moving rat (Tele-Stereo-EEG)","volume":"15","author":"Dimpfel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e05910","article-title":"Effectiveness of Menosan\u00ae Salvia officinalis in the treatment of a wide spectrum of menopausal complaints. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Wilfried","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000191124","article-title":"Pharmacological Modulation of Dopaminergic Brain Activity and Its Reflection in Spectral Frequencies of the Rat Electropharmacogram","volume":"58","author":"Dimpfel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Azapirones: An alternative to benzodiazepines for anxiety","volume":"53","author":"Cadieux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112006","article-title":"Anxiolytic- and anxiogenic-like effects of Montanoa tomentosa (Asteraceae): Dependence on the endocrine condition","volume":"241","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.12.014","article-title":"Neuropharmacological profile of an ethanol extract of Ruta chalepensis L. in mice","volume":"106","author":"Carrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404370","article-title":"Exploratory behavior in chronic disulfoton poisoning in mice","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"1971","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177912","article-title":"The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse","volume":"92","author":"Lister","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Franklin, K.B.J. (2019). Paxinos and Franklin\u2019s the Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21563","article-title":"Electroencephalographic activity in neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion in adult rats","volume":"66","author":"Flores","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W159","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac394","article-title":"CB-Dock2: Improved protein\u2013ligand blind docking by integrating cavity detection, docking and homologous template fitting","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.05.013","article-title":"Progesterone reduces wakefulness in sleep EEG and has no effect on cognition in healthy postmenopausal women","volume":"33","author":"Kluge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05278.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of selective inhibition in visual spatial attention are indexed by-band EEG synchronization","volume":"25","author":"Rihs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/9\/3680\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:22:22Z","timestamp":1760124142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/9\/3680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28093680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28093680","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]}}}