{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:15:38Z","timestamp":1790720138998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P206\/12\/1093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P206\/12\/1093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNCE\/SCI\/014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNCE\/SCI\/014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SVV260690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVV260690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Charles University Research Centre","award":["P206\/12\/1093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P206\/12\/1093"]}]},{"name":"the Charles University Research Centre","award":["UNCE\/SCI\/014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNCE\/SCI\/014"]}]},{"name":"the Charles University Research Centre","award":["SVV260690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVV260690"]}]},{"name":"Charles University in Prague","award":["P206\/12\/1093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P206\/12\/1093"]}]},{"name":"Charles University in Prague","award":["UNCE\/SCI\/014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNCE\/SCI\/014"]}]},{"name":"Charles University in Prague","award":["SVV260690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVV260690"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aliphatic hydrocarbons (HCs) are usually analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. However, analyzing long-chain HCs by GC is difficult because of their low volatility and the risk of decomposition at high temperatures. MALDI cannot distinguish between isomeric HCs. An alternative approach based on silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag-HPLC) is shown here. The separation of HC standards and cuticular HCs was accomplished using two ChromSpher Lipids columns connected in series. A gradient elution of the analytes was optimized using mobile phases prepared from hexane (or isooctane) and acetonitrile, 2-propanol, or toluene. HCs were detected by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). Good separation of the analytes according to the number of double bonds, cis\/trans geometry, and position of double bonds was achieved. The retention times increased with the number of double bonds, and trans isomers eluted ahead of cis isomers. The mobile phase significantly affected the mass spectra of HCs. Depending on the mobile phase composition, deprotonated molecules, molecular ions, protonated molecules, and various solvent-related adducts of HCs were observed. The optimized Ag-HPLC\/APCI-MS was applied for characterizing cuticular HCs from a flesh fly, Neobellieria bullata, and cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The method made it possible to detect a significantly higher number of HCs than previously reported for GC or MALDI-MS. Unsaturated HCs were frequently detected as isomers differing by double-bond position(s). Minor HCs with trans double bonds were found beside the prevailing cis isomers. Ag-HPLC\/APCI-MS has great potential to become a new tool in chemical ecology for studying cuticular HCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T06:12:55Z","timestamp":1682662375000},"page":"3794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Silver Ion High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2014Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Tool for Analyzing Cuticular Hydrocarbons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5126-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Vrkoslav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo N\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed 542\/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Hork\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo N\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed 542\/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030\/8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3770-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jind\u0159ich","family":"Jind\u0159ich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030\/8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2053-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Bud\u011b\u0161\u00ednsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo N\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed 542\/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Cva\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo N\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed 542\/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030\/8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(02)00045-0","article-title":"Biosynthesis and secretion of plant cuticular wax","volume":"42","author":"Kunst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blomquist, G.J., and Bagneres, A.G. (2010). Insect Hydrocarbons: Biology, Biochemistry, and Chemical Ecology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511711909"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130359","article-title":"Ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of insect hydrocarbons","volume":"50","author":"Howard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"515","article-title":"Chemical recognition of reproductive status in social insects","volume":"43","author":"Monnin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Zool. Fenn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6840-6","article-title":"Hydrocarbons, the advanced biofuels produced by different organisms, the evidence that alkanes in petroleum can be renewable","volume":"99","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.04.044","article-title":"High temperature gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HTGC-ToF-MS) for high-boiling compounds","volume":"1243","author":"Sutton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.05.006","article-title":"Studies of long chain lipids in insects by high temperature gas chromatography and high temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"1297","author":"Sutton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9888(199904)34:4<264::AID-JMS749>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Mass spectrometry of very large saturated hydrocarbons","volume":"34","author":"Ludanyi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2012.05.031","article-title":"Measurement and optimization of organic chemical reaction yields by GC-MS with supersonic molecular beams","volume":"68","author":"Amirav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.04.074","article-title":"Hydrocarbons and fuels analyses with the supersonic gas chromatography mass spectrometry\u2014The novel concept of isomer abundance analysis","volume":"1195","author":"Fialkov","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"257","article-title":"Phenomenology of adsorption processes on emitters in field-ionization of hydrocarbon mixtures","volume":"16","author":"Ryska","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.151","article-title":"Field desorption mass spectrometry of large multiply branched saturated Hydrocarbons","volume":"36","author":"Gross","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1021\/ac048766v","article-title":"Instrumentation and method for ultrahigh resolution field desorption ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of nonpolar species","volume":"77","author":"Schaub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10592","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02789","article-title":"Comparison of Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Large Saturated Hydrocarbons","volume":"88","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1021\/ac203035k","article-title":"Analysis of Saturated Hydrocarbons by Redox Reaction with Negative-Ion Electrospray Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry","volume":"84","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0350716","article-title":"Analysis of saturated hydrocarbons by using chemical ionization combined with laser-induced acoustic desorption\/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry","volume":"76","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.1021\/ac301307p","article-title":"Atmospheric Pressure Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Saturated Hydrocarbons","volume":"84","author":"Nyadong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-0305(01)00308-7","article-title":"Laser desorption ionization and MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry for low molecular mass polyethylene analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-0305(97)00192-X","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of polydienes","volume":"8","author":"Yalcin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1178","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization analysis of lipids and high molecular weight hydrocarbons with lithium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate matrix","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2009.10.003","article-title":"MALDI Imaging of Neutral Cuticular Lipids in Insects and Plants","volume":"21","author":"Vrkoslav","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6261","article-title":"The detection of high-mass aliphatics in petroleum by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionisation mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Lorente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-005-9008-5","article-title":"Analysis of insect cuticular hydrocarbons using matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"32","author":"Hanus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golian, M., Bien, T., Schmelzle, S., Esparza-Mora, M.A., McMahon, D.P., Dreisewerd, K., and Buellesbach, J. (2022). Neglected Very Long-Chain Hydrocarbons and the Incorporation of Body Surface Area Metrics Reveal Novel Perspectives for Cuticular Profile Analysis in Insects. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13010083"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7135","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802692105","article-title":"Cuticular hydrocarbon analysis of an awake behaving fly using direct analysis in real-time time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"105","author":"Yew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-012-0569-6","article-title":"Soft Ionization of Saturated Hydrocarbons, Alcohols and Nonpolar Compounds by Negative-Ion Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass Spectrometry","volume":"24","author":"Cody","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-011-0149-1","article-title":"Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Spectra by Helium Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HIMS) on a Modified Atmospheric-Pressure Source Designed for Electrospray Ionization","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10408340500304024","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatography in group-type separation and technical or process analytics of petroleum products","volume":"35","author":"Kaminski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/26.5.210","article-title":"The analysis of hydrocarbon distillates for group types using HPLC with dielectric-constant detection\u2014A review","volume":"26","author":"Hayes","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrc.1240100216","article-title":"Indirect photometric detection of straight chain hydrocarbons separated by reverse phase HPLC","volume":"10","author":"Benson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. High Resolut. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00125a008","article-title":"Hydrocarbon group type analyzer system for the rapid determination of saturates, olefins, and aromatics in hydrocarbon distillate products","volume":"58","author":"Hayes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.34.1616","article-title":"Transfer-matrix approach to estimating coverage discontinuities and multicritical-point positions in two-dimensional lattice-gas phase diagrams","volume":"34","author":"Bartelt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/15.7.234","article-title":"Silver loaded aluminosilicate as a stationary phase for liquid-chromatographic separation of unsaturated compounds","volume":"15","author":"Lam","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(95)00157-E","article-title":"Silver ion chromatography of lipids and fatty acids","volume":"671","author":"Dobson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.10.097","article-title":"Retention of lipids in silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography: Facts and assumptions","volume":"1216","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.03.070","article-title":"Analysis of triacylglycerol and fatty acid isomers by low-temperature silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography with acetonitrile in hexane as solvent: Limitations of the methodology","volume":"1148","author":"Adlof","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-999-0379-3","article-title":"Improved separation of conjugated fatty acid methyl esters by silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"34","author":"Sehat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(94)85010-0","article-title":"Separation of cis and trans unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"659","author":"Adlof","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(92)80156-O","article-title":"Silver ion high-performance liquid-chromatography of derivatives of isomeric fatty acids","volume":"609","author":"Nikolovadamyanova","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(94)01201-O","article-title":"Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography of esters of isomeric octadecenoic fatty acids with short-chain monounsaturated alcohols","volume":"693","author":"Christie","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.28.837","article-title":"Advances in Silver Ion Chromatography for the Analysis of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols\u20142001 to 2011","volume":"28","author":"Momchilova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.10.001","article-title":"Analysis of triacylglycerols in fat body of bumblebees by chromatographic methods","volume":"1101","author":"Hovorka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900150j","article-title":"Regioisomeric Characterization of Triacylglycerols Using Silver-Ion HPLC\/MS and Randomization Synthesis of Standards","volume":"81","author":"Lisa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.07.032","article-title":"Characterization of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition in animal fats using silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography\/flame ionization detection","volume":"1218","author":"Lisa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4168(19990901)22:9<483::AID-JHRC483>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"High resolution separation of nonpolar lipid classes by HPLC-ELSD using alumina as stationary phase","volume":"22","author":"Nordback","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. High Resolut. Chromatog."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-012-0347-5","article-title":"HPLC\/APCI Mass Spectrometry of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons by Using Hydrocarbon Solvents as the APCI Reagent and HPLC Mobile Phase","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.03.004","article-title":"Analyzes of hydrocarbons by atmosphere pressure chemical ionization FT-ICR mass spectrometry using isooctane as ionizing reagent","volume":"153","author":"Tose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6338","article-title":"High molecular weight nonpolar hydrocarbons as pure model substances and in motor oil samples can be ionized without fragmentation by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Hourani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"997","article-title":"APCI(+)FT-ICR MS Analysis of Hydrocarbons Using Isooctane as Ionizing Reagent\u2014A Comparison with HTGC-FID, GCxGC-MS and NMR","volume":"30","author":"Tose","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8883","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c00681","article-title":"Fragmentation of Saturated Hydrocarbons upon Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Is Caused by Proton-Transfer Reactions","volume":"92","author":"Manheim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8722","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8722","article-title":"Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry at low flow rates: Importance of ion source housing","volume":"34","author":"Vrkoslav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.5063","article-title":"Carbon disulfide reagent allows the characterization of nonpolar analytes by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"25","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2009.11.001","article-title":"Improved Abundance Sensitivity of Molecular Ions in Positive-Ion APCI MS Analysis of Petroleum in Toluene","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1790(74)90074-2","article-title":"Cuticular lipids of adult fleshflies, Sarcophaga bullata","volume":"4","author":"Jackson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Insect Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(75)90249-8","article-title":"Developmental-study of cuticular hydrocarbons of Sarcophaga bullata","volume":"21","author":"Armold","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.06.031","article-title":"Analysis of wax esters by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1302","author":"Vrkoslav","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02657678","article-title":"Silver-complexation liquid-chromatography for fast, high-resolution separations of triacylglycerols","volume":"68","author":"Jeffrey","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Che. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.06.012","article-title":"Analysis of triglyceride isomers by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography\u2014Effect of column temperature on retention times","volume":"1046","author":"Adlof","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.12.048","article-title":"Analysis of wax ester molecular species by high performance liquid chromatography\/atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry","volume":"1217","author":"Vrkoslav","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200500088","article-title":"Quantitation of triacylglycerols in plant oils using HPLC with APCI-MS, evaporative light-scattering, and UV detection","volume":"28","author":"Jandera","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2008.12.005","article-title":"A Mass Spectrometry Study of Alkanes in Air Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure","volume":"20","author":"Marotta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.04.055","article-title":"Identification of the double-bond position in fatty acid methyl esters by liquid chromatography\/atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry","volume":"1259","author":"Vrkoslav","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(63)90010-6","article-title":"The cuticular lipids of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.)","volume":"9","author":"Gilby","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"331","article-title":"Cuticular lipids of insects. 4. Hydrocarbons of cockroaches Periplaneta japonica and Periplaneta americana compared to other cockroach hydrocarbons","volume":"41","author":"Jackson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2005.04.017","article-title":"Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and aggregation in four Periplaneta species (Insecta: Dictyoptera)","volume":"51","author":"Said","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/9\/3794\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:25:38Z","timestamp":1760124338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/9\/3794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28093794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28093794","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]}}}