{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:38:58Z","timestamp":1782992338978,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The autofluorescence of specific fatty acids, retinoids, and bilirubin in crude serum can reflect changes in liver functional engagement in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. The role of these fluorophores as intrinsic biomarkers of pharmacological actions has been investigated here in rats administered with obeticholic acid (OCA), a Farnesoid-X Receptor (FXR) agonist, proven to counteract the increase of serum bilirubin in hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) injury. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been applied to an assay serum collected from rats submitted to liver I\/R (60\/60 min \u00b1 OCA administration). The I\/R group showed changes in the amplitude and profiles of emission spectra excited at 310 or 366 nm, indicating remarkable alterations in the retinoid and fluorescing fatty acid balance, with a particular increase in arachidonic acid. The I\/R group also showed an increase in bilirubin AF, detected in the excitation spectra recorded at 570 nm. OCA greatly reversed the effects observed in the I\/R group, confirmed by the biochemical analysis of bilirubin and fatty acids. These results are consistent with a relationship between OCA anti-inflammatory effects and the acknowledged roles of fatty acids as precursors of signaling agents mediating damaging responses to harmful stimuli, supporting serum autofluorescence analysis as a possible direct, real-time, cost-effective tool for pharmacological investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:12:11Z","timestamp":1682943131000},"page":"3818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fatty Acids and Bilirubin as Intrinsic Autofluorescence Serum Biomarkers of Drug Action in a Rat Model of Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8996-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C.","family":"Croce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2337-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ferrigno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1312-7513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Palladini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Fondazione, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7371-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Mannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pava, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2464-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariapia","family":"Vairetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0103-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura G.","family":"Di Pasqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13753","article-title":"Autofluorescence-Based Optical Biopsy: An Effective Diagnostic Tool in Hepatology","volume":"38","author":"Croce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/photochem1020007","article-title":"Light and Autofluorescence, Multitasking Features in Living Organisms","volume":"1","author":"Croce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photochem"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, A., Dullaart, R.P.F., Schreuder, T.C.M.A., Blokzijl, H., and Faber, K.N. 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