{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:29:03Z","timestamp":1782962943482,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MITACS Canada","award":["IT5647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT5647"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beta-caryophyllene has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of conditions, including interstitial cystitis. These effects are mediated primarily via the activation of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor. Additional antibacterial properties have recently been suggested, leading to our investigation of the effects of beta-caryophyllene in a murine model of urinary tract infection (UTI). Female BALB\/c mice were intravesically inoculated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073. The mice received either beta-caryophyllene, antibiotic treatment using fosfomycin, or combination therapy. After 6, 24, or 72 h, the mice were evaluated for bacterial burden in the bladder and changes in pain and behavioral responses using von Frey esthesiometry. In the 24 h model, the anti-inflammatory effects of beta-caryophyllene were also assessed using intravital microscopy. The mice established a robust UTI by 24 h. Altered behavioral responses persisted 72 h post infection. Treatment with beta-caryophyllene resulted in a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in urine and bladder tissues 24 h post UTI induction and significant improvements in behavioral responses and intravital microscopy parameters, representing reduced inflammation in the bladder. This study demonstrates the utility of beta-caryophyllene as a new adjunct therapy for the management of UTI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T07:03:58Z","timestamp":1684393438000},"page":"4144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antibacterial and Analgesic Properties of Beta-Caryophyllene in a Murine Urinary Tract Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Kayle","family":"Dickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6780-3367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassidy","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6419-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-021-03913-0","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Urinary Tract Infections from 1990 to 2019: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.190","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"7","author":"Foxman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urols.2013.11.007","article-title":"Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Healthy and Nonpregnant Women","volume":"25","author":"Glover","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq257","article-title":"International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women: A 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100117","article-title":"Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Secretory Proteins CFP-10, ESAT-6 and the CFP10:ESAT6 Complex Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide-Induced NF-\u039aB Transactivation by Downregulation of Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS) Production","volume":"86","author":"Ganguly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-003-0094-7","article-title":"Impact of Changing Patterns of Anti-Microbial Resistance in Uropathogens: Emerging Treatment and Strategies","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.10.023","article-title":"Prediction of Trimethoprim\/Sulfamethoxazole Resistance in Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"21","author":"DeMarsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2019.002","article-title":"Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin for Resistant Urinary Tract Infections: Old Drugs for Emerging Problems","volume":"42","author":"Gardiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Critchley, I.A., Cotroneo, N., Pucci, M.J., and Mendes, R. (2019). The Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance among Urinary Tract Isolates of Escherichia coli in the United States in 2017. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/703199"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"651","article-title":"Update on the Adverse Effects of Antimicrobial Therapies in Community Practice","volume":"66","author":"Mohsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"771","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis","volume":"84","author":"Colgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76678-2_38","article-title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Drugs That Target Cannabinoid Receptors or Modulate the Tissue Levels or Actions of Endocannabinoids","volume":"7","author":"Pertwee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Addict. From Basic Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, S., and Kumar, U. (2018). Cannabinoid Receptors and the Endocannabinoid System: Signaling and Function in the Central Nervous System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030833"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.08.076","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Is Increased in Acutely and Chronically Inflamed Bladder of Rats","volume":"445","author":"Merriam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708989","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.708989","article-title":"Endocannabinoids in Bladder Sensory Mechanisms in Health and Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Christie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, G., Arora, N., Burkovskiy, I., Xia, Y., Chinnadurai, A., Westhofen, R., Hagn, G., Cox, A., Kelly, M., and Zhou, J. (2019). Experimental Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Activation by Phyto-Derived and Synthetic Cannabinoid Ligands in LPS-Induced Interstitial Cystitis in Mice. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234239"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9099","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803601105","article-title":"Beta-Caryophyllene Is a Dietary Cannabinoid","volume":"105","author":"Gertsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maffei, M.E. (2020). Plant Natural Sources of the Endocannabinoid (E)-\u03b2-Caryophyllene: A Systematic Quantitative Analysis of Published Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186540"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)85916-6","article-title":"Oxygenated Monoterpenoids and Sesquiterpenoid Hydrocarbons of the Cortical Turpentine from Different Abies Species","volume":"8","author":"Smedman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110876","article-title":"Dietary Administration of \u03b2-Caryophyllene and Its Epoxide to Sprague-Dawley Rats for 90 Days","volume":"135","author":"Bastaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.10.008","article-title":"The Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid Beta-Caryophyllene Exerts Analgesic Effects in Mouse Models of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain","volume":"24","author":"Klauke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-827X(01)01092-8","article-title":"Local Anaesthetic Activity of \u03b2-Caryophyllene","volume":"56","author":"Ghelardini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Farmaco"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1254251","article-title":"Effects of \u03b2-Caryophyllene and Murraya paniculata Essential Oil in the Murine Hepatoma Cells and in the Bacteria and Fungi 24-h Time-Kill Curve Studies","volume":"55","author":"Neta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.01.009","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of \u03b2-Caryophyllene on Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm","volume":"88","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11808","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200711808","article-title":"The Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Sesquiterpene \u03b2-Caryophyllene from the Essential Oil of Aquilaria crassna","volume":"20","author":"Dahham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieri, F.A., Souza, M.C.d.C., Vermelho, L.L.R., Vermelho, M.L.R., Perciano, P.G., Vargas, F.S., Borges, A.P.B., da Veiga-Junior, V.F., and Moreira, M.A.S. (2016). Use of \u03b2-Caryophyllene to Combat Bacterial Dental Plaque Formation in Dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0842-1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1086\/651275","article-title":"Host-Pathogen Interactions Mediating Pain of Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"201","author":"Rudick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.13069","article-title":"Screening for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"322","author":"Owens","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12309","article-title":"Mechanisms of Pain from Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"21","author":"Rosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24056-0","article-title":"TRPV1 and the MCP-1\/CCR2 Axis Modulate Post-UTI Chronic Pain","volume":"8","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0099","article-title":"Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Actions of Phytocannabinoids or Endocannabinoids on TRPA1 and TRPV1 Channels","volume":"5","author":"Heblinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra, M.P., Boi, M., Carta, A., Murru, E., Quartu, M., Carta, G., and Banni, S. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Beta-Caryophyllene Mediated by the Involvement of TRPV1, BDNF and TrkB in the Rat Cerebral Cortex after Hypoperfusion\/Reperfusion. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073633"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgv076","article-title":"\u03b2-Caryophyllene Potently Inhibits Solid Tumor Growth and Lymph Node Metastasis of B16F10 Melanoma Cells in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese C57BL\/6N Mice","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01051","article-title":"Impact of Proinflammatory Cytokines on the Virulence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"10","author":"Rangel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81916","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain CFT073 Disrupts NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"126","author":"Waldhuber","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1734","article-title":"Subversion of Toll-like Receptor Signaling by a Unique Family of Bacterial Toll\/Interleukin-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Proteins","volume":"14","author":"Cirl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, M., Zhang, J., Fischer, H., Huang, W., Lutay, N., Cirl, C., Lum, J., Miethke, T., and Svanborg, C. (2010). Inhibition of TIR Domain Signaling by TcpC: MyD88-Dependent and Independent Effects on Escherichia coli Virulence. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001120"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.006","article-title":"Crosstalk between Sentinel and Helper Macrophages Permits Neutrophil Migration into Infected Uroepithelium","volume":"156","author":"Schiwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zec, K., Volke, J., Vijitha, N., Thiebes, S., Gunzer, M., Kurts, C., and Engel, D.R. (2016). Neutrophil Migration into the Infected Uroepithelium Is Regulated by the Crosstalk between Resident and Helper Macrophages. Pathogens, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5010015"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.08.030","article-title":"Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Is a Novel Anti-Inflammatory Target in Experimental Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy","volume":"113","author":"Szczesniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11248","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Activation Reduces Intestinal Leukocyte Recruitment and Systemic Inflammatory Mediator Release in Acute Experimental Sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Lehmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4628-11.2012","article-title":"Activation of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Attenuates Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction under Inflammatory Conditions","volume":"32","author":"Ramirez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978678","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/978678","article-title":"Experimental Cannabinoid 2 Receptor-Mediated Immune Modulation in Sepsis","volume":"2014","author":"Sardinha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600447","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Activation Decreases Cerebral Infarction in a Mouse Focal Ischemia\/Reperfusion Model","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0437-9","article-title":"Tapping into the Endocannabinoid System to Ameliorate Acute Inflammatory Flares and Associated Pain in Mouse Knee Joints","volume":"16","author":"Krustev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl464","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Fosfomycin in an Endotoxin Model in Human Blood","volume":"59","author":"Zeitlinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000167854","article-title":"Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Microcirculatory Reactions after Ischemia-Reperfusion of the Rat Urinary Bladder","volume":"42","author":"Bajory","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1186\/cc14726","article-title":"Hemodynamic Coherence and the Rationale for Monitoring the Microcirculation","volume":"19","author":"Ince","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000503775","article-title":"Microcirculation: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Application","volume":"49","author":"Guven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252529799","article-title":"Extensive Mosaic Structure Revealed by the Complete Genome Sequence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"99","author":"Welch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2004.08.004","article-title":"Growth Promotion and Yield Enhancement of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by Application of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria","volume":"159","author":"Dey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2854-5_14","article-title":"A Murine Model for Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"1333","author":"Hannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.12.013","article-title":"Non-Clinical Toxicity of \u03b2-Caryophyllene, a Dietary Cannabinoid: Absence of Adverse Effects in Female Swiss Mice","volume":"92","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67495-2","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis in Freely-Moving Conscious Rats: Behavioral Approach to a New Model of Visceral Pain","volume":"164","author":"Boucher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2798-2802.1998","article-title":"Time Course and Host Responses to Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection in Genetically Distinct Mouse Strains","volume":"66","author":"Hopkins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/10\/4144\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:36:52Z","timestamp":1760125012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/10\/4144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28104144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28104144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]}}}