{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T21:43:43Z","timestamp":1775339023556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluenes in aqueous solution was executed using persulfate combined with semiconductors motivated by ultrasound (probe type, 20 kHz). Batch-mode experiments were performed to elucidate the effects of diverse operation variables on the sono-catalytic performance, including the ultrasonic power intensity, dosage of persulfate anions, and semiconductors. Owing to pronounced scavenging behaviors caused by benzene, ethanol, and methanol, the chief oxidants were presumed to be sulfate radicals which originated from persulfate anions, motivated via either the ultrasound or sono-catalysis of semiconductors. With regard to semiconductors, the increment of 2,4-dinitrotoluene removal efficiency was inversely proportional to the band gap energy of semiconductors. Based on the outcomes indicated in a gas chromatograph\u2013mass spectrometer, it was sensibly postulated that the preliminary step for 2,4-dinitrotoluene removal was denitrated into o-mononitrotoluene or p-mononitrotoluene, followed by decarboxylation to nitrobenzene. Subsequently, nitrobenzene was decomposed to hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals and converted into 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, and 4-nitrophenol individually. Nitrophenol compounds with the cleavage of nitro groups synthesized phenol, which was sequentially transformed into hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28114351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T02:00:19Z","timestamp":1685066419000},"page":"4351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ultrasound-Assisted Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in Industrial Wastewater Using Persulfate Coupled with Semiconductors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Wen-Shing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Chih","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Weissermel, K., and Arpe, H.-J. 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