{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:10:57Z","timestamp":1760148657678,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00006"},{"name":"University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 channels (HCN2) are expressed in multiple cell types in the gut, the role of HCN2 in intestinal motility is poorly understood. HCN2 is down-regulated in intestinal smooth muscle in a rodent model of ileus. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of HCN inhibition on intestinal motility. HCN inhibition with ZD7288 or zatebradine significantly suppressed both spontaneous and agonist-induced contractile activity in the small intestine in a dose-dependent and tetrodotoxin-independent manner. HCN inhibition significantly suppressed intestinal tone but not contractile amplitude. The calcium sensitivity of contractile activity was significantly suppressed by HCN inhibition. Inflammatory mediators did not affect the suppression of intestinal contractile activity by HCN inhibition but increased stretch of the intestinal tissue partially attenuated the effects of HCN inhibition on agonist-induced intestinal contractile activity. HCN2 protein and mRNA levels in intestinal smooth muscle tissue were significantly down-regulated by increased mechanical stretch compared to unstretched tissue. Increased cyclical stretch down-regulated HCN2 protein and mRNA levels in primary human intestinal smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Overall, our results suggest that decreased HCN2 expression induced by mechanical signals, such as intestinal wall distension or edema development, may contribute to the development of ileus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28114359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1685204253000},"page":"4359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stretch-Induced Down-Regulation of HCN2 Suppresses Contractile Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Job Baffin","family":"Kola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8969-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Botagoz","family":"Turarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5082-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Csige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bence","family":"Gergely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah Al","family":"Refai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n P.","family":"Uray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Docsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6997-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Uray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.12.003","article-title":"The Postoperative Morbidity Survey was validated and used to describe morbidity after major surgery","volume":"60","author":"Grocott","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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