{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:00:41Z","timestamp":1782262841926,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"METROFOOD-CZ","award":["LM2023064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2023064"]}]},{"name":"METROFOOD-CZ","award":["IGA.20233109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGA.20233109"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006206","name":"Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LM2023064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2023064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006206","name":"Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IGA.20233109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGA.20233109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils (EOs) have great potential in inhalation therapy for the treatment of respiratory infections. However, innovative methods for evaluation of antimicrobial activity of their vapors are still needed. The current study reports validation of the broth macrodilution volatilization method for assessment of the antibacterial properties of EOs and shows the growth-inhibitory effect of Indian medicinal plants against pneumonia-causing bacteria in liquid and vapor phase. Among all samples tested, Trachyspermum ammi EO exhibits the strongest antibacterial effect against Haemophilus influenzae, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 128 and 256 \u00b5g\/mL in the liquid and vapor phases, respectively. Furthermore, Cyperus scariosus EO is found to be nontoxic to normal lung fibroblasts assessed by modified thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay. Chemical analysis performed using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry identified \u03b1-citral, cyperotundone, and thymol as the main constituents of Cymbopogon citratus, C. scariosus, and T. ammi EOs, respectively. In addition, \u03b2-cymene is identified as the major compound of T. ammi EO vapors when analyzed using solid-phase microextraction and gas-tight syringe sampling techniques. This study demonstrates the validity of the broth macrodilution volatilization method for antimicrobial screening of volatile compounds in the vapor phase and suggests the therapeutic potential of Indian medicinal plants in inhalation therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28124625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T02:02:28Z","timestamp":1686189748000},"page":"4625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Validation of Broth Macrodilution Volatilization Method for Testing of Essential Oils in Liquid and Vapor Phase: Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity, and Antibacterial Effect of Indian Medicinal Plants against Pneumonia-Causing Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Chaure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marketa","family":"Houdkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Antih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5976-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara","family":"Urbanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7373-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Doskocil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukund Lal","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Resources, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khageshwar Singh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Manth (Kharora), State Highway 9, Raipur 493225, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ladislav","family":"Kokoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00004-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00004-17","article-title":"Fluorocycline TP-271 is potent against complicated community-acquired bacterial pneumonia pathogens","volume":"2","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Baron, S. 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