{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:23:57Z","timestamp":1791390237691,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFE0103200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0103200"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["31570745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31570745"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["31670739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31670739"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["22077016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22077016"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018J01897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J01897"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018J01729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J01729"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017YFE0103200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0103200"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31570745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31570745"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31670739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31670739"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22077016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22077016"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018J01897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J01897"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018J01729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J01729"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2017YFE0103200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0103200"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["31570745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31570745"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["31670739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31670739"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["22077016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22077016"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2018J01897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J01897"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2018J01729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J01729"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is recognized as a powerful method to inactivate cells. However, the photosensitizer (PS), a key component of PDT, has suffered from undesired photobleaching. Photobleaching reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) yields, leading to the compromise of and even the loss of the photodynamic effect of the PS. Therefore, much effort has been devoted to minimizing photobleaching in order to ensure that there is no loss of photodynamic efficacy. Here, we report that a type of PS aggregate showed neither photobleaching nor photodynamic action. Upon direct contact with bacteria, the PS aggregate was found to fall apart into PS monomers and thus possessed photodynamic inactivation against bacteria. Interestingly, the disassembly of the bound PS aggregate in the presence of bacteria was intensified by illumination, generating more PS monomers and leading to an enhanced antibacterial photodynamic effect. This demonstrated that on a bacterial surface, the PS aggregate photo-inactivated bacteria via PS monomer during irradiation, where the photodynamic efficiency was retained without photobleaching. Further mechanistic studies showed that PS monomers disrupted bacterial membranes and affected the expression of genes related to cell wall synthesis, bacterial membrane integrity, and oxidative stress. The results obtained here are applicable to other types of PSs in PDT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28124639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1686276198000},"page":"4639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Monomer and Oligomer Transition of Zinc Phthalocyanine Is Key for Photobleaching in Photodynamic Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4588-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dafeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4734-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longguang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jincan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingdong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00145-6","article-title":"A major conditions strategy cannot replace a national cancer plan\u2014Patient advocates voice their concerns","volume":"24","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00505-6","article-title":"Improving access to global cancer services","volume":"401","author":"Mahajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21719","article-title":"American Cancer Society nutrition and physical activity guideline for cancer survivors","volume":"72","author":"Rock","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1071","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for cancer","volume":"3","author":"Dolmans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001926","article-title":"Targeting immunogenic cancer cell death by photodynamic therapy: Past, present and future","volume":"9","author":"Alzeibak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. ImmunoTherapy Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0410-2","article-title":"Clinical development and potential of photothermal and photodynamic therapies for cancer","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1998.tb03261.x","article-title":"Effects of the Subcellular Redistribution of Two Nile Blue Derivatives on Photodynamic Oxygen Consumption","volume":"68","author":"Georgakoudi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2002)075<0289:RBMFPA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Relationship Between mTHPC Fluorescence Photobleaching and Cell Viability During In Vitro Photodynamic Treatment of DP16 Cells","volume":"75","author":"Dysart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)073<0297:EOFROC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of Fluence Rate on Cell Survival and Photobleaching in MetaTetra-(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin\u2013photosensitized Colo 26 Multicell Tumor Spheroids","volume":"73","author":"Coutier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"13","article-title":"Review of the role played by the photosensitizer\u2019s photobleaching during photodynamic therapy","volume":"18","author":"Atif","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00096-7","article-title":"The influence of intracellular mTHPC concentration upon photobleaching dynamics","volume":"2","author":"Atif","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30268-7","article-title":"Photoantimicrobials\u2014Are we afraid of the light?","volume":"17","author":"Wainwright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1142\/S1088424618500888","article-title":"Dissociation of zinc phthalocyanine aggregation on bacterial surface is key for photodynamic antimicrobial effect","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1021\/bc3002997","article-title":"Enhanced photodynamic efficacy of zinc phthalocyanine by conjugating to heptalysine","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2005.12.002","article-title":"Derivatizable phthalocyanine with single carboxyl group: Synthesis and purification","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15369","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b19058","article-title":"Smart Photosensitizer: Tumor-Triggered Oncotherapy by Self-Assembly Photodynamic Nanodots","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8133-8","article-title":"Rapid killing of bacteria by a new type of photosensitizer","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4161\/bbug.1.6.13257","article-title":"Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi: Methods and possible underlying mechanism","volume":"1","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioeng. Bugs"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2014.09.034","article-title":"Physical properties of Escherichia coli spheroplast membranes","volume":"107","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.05.037","article-title":"Mode of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides on E. coli Spheroplasts","volume":"111","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6350","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01008-16","article-title":"Bacterial Spheroplasts as a Model for Visualizing Membrane Translocation of Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"60","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14573","DOI":"10.1021\/la5028724","article-title":"Selective photodynamic inactivation of bacterial cells over mammalian cells by new triarylmethanes","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4805","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102850","article-title":"Multifunctional cationic poly(p-phenylene vinylene) polyelectrolytes for selective recognition, imaging, and killing of bacteria over mammalian cells","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201000042","article-title":"Pentalysine beta-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc: An effective tumor-targeting photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S148335","article-title":"Novel single-nucleotide variations associated with vancomycin resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06813.x","article-title":"Bacterial cell-wall recycling","volume":"1277","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq349","article-title":"Benzothioxalone derivatives as novel inhibitors of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferases (MurA and MurZ)","volume":"65","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.01.089","article-title":"2-Aminotetralones: Novel inhibitors of MurA and MurZ","volume":"18","author":"Dunsmore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.02.031","article-title":"Daptomycin: Mechanisms of action and resistance, and biosynthetic engineering","volume":"13","author":"Baltz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26706-0","article-title":"Characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus mprF gene, involved in lysinylation of phosphatidylglycerol","volume":"150","author":"Oku","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00921-2","article-title":"MprF-mediated biosynthesis of lysylphosphatidylglycerol, an important determinant in staphylococcal defensin resistance","volume":"231","author":"Staubitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02149-10","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"77","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.08.001","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of epsilon-poly-L-lysine","volume":"439","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Rubio, A., Jayaswal, R.K., Silverman, J.A., and Wilkinson, B.J. (2013). Additional routes to Staphylococcus aureus daptomycin resistance as revealed by comparative genome sequencing, transcriptional profiling, and phenotypic studies. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058469"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-011-9466-7","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated from the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) by using microarray DNA technology","volume":"51","author":"Salehi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adikesavan, A.K., Katsonis, P., Marciano, D.C., Lua, R., Herman, C., and Lichtarge, O. (2011). Separation of Recombination and SOS Response in Escherichia coliRecA Suggests LexA Interaction Sites. PLoS Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002244"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.0801.033","article-title":"Detection of Cytolethal Distending Toxin and Other Virulence Characteristics of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Diarrheal Patients in Republic of Korea","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(96)07428-3","article-title":"Photophysical and photobiological processes in the photodynamic therapy of tumours","volume":"39","author":"Ochsner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0231(19990415)13:7<597::AID-RCM528>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/Ionization coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: A method to characterize temoporpfin photoproducts","volume":"13","author":"Angotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08135.x","article-title":"Fluorescence and mass spectrometry studies of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin photoproducts","volume":"70","author":"Kasselouri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1039\/B601400C","article-title":"2-Aryl-3-hydroxyquinolones, a new class of dyes with solvent dependent dual emission due to excited state intramolecular proton transfer","volume":"30","author":"Yushchenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6737","DOI":"10.1021\/jp511060k","article-title":"Aggregation-Induced Fluorescence Emission Properties of Dicyanomethylene-1,4-dihydropyridine Derivatives","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1080\/00958972.2010.534987","article-title":"The photodegradation of a zinc phthalocyanine","volume":"63","author":"Sesalan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Coord. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1142\/S1088424612300042","article-title":"Oxidative photobleaching of phthalocyanines in solution","volume":"16","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/11\/011","article-title":"Characterization of Photofrin photobleaching for singlet oxygen dose estimation during photodynamic therapy of MLL cells in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Dysart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"ThermoFisher (2010). Molecular Probes Handbook\u2014A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies, ThermoFisher Scientific."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"7","article-title":"Preferential Binding of Radiolabeled Poly-L-lysines to C6 and U87 MG Glioblastomas Compared with Endothelial Cells in Vitro","volume":"49","author":"Kornguth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1992.0301","article-title":"Occurrence and persistence of dyes in a Canadian river","volume":"25","author":"Maguire","year":"1992","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020644817514","article-title":"Decoloration of textile dyes by Trametes versicolor and its effect on dye toxicity","volume":"24","author":"Ramsay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.1.018001","article-title":"Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy using zinc phthalocyanine derivatives in treatment of bacterial skin infection","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1142\/S1088424617500298","article-title":"An effective zinc phthalocyanine derivative against multidrug-resistant bacterial infection","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16088","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16088","article-title":"The type VI secretion system sheath assembles at the end distal from the membrane anchor","volume":"8","author":"Vettiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.199","article-title":"Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: A versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis","volume":"2","author":"Yoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2302-2","article-title":"Morphological and ultrastructural changes in bacterial cells as an indicator of antibacterial mechanism of action","volume":"73","author":"Cushnie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2015.03.005","article-title":"Beyond the hydrophobic effect: Critical function of water at biological phase boundaries\u2014A hypothesis","volume":"221","author":"Damodaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1142\/S1088424611003276","article-title":"Substituted zinc phthalocyanine as an antimicrobial photosensitizer for periodontitis treatment","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)80442-X","article-title":"Photobleaching Kinetics of Fluorescein in Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy","volume":"68","author":"Song","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.100.4.1309","article-title":"Digital imaging fluorescence microscopy: Spatial heterogeneity of photobleaching rate constants in individual cells","volume":"100","author":"Benson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.07.024","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of phenol on different phases of TiO(2) particles in aqueous suspensions under UV irradiation","volume":"92","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2007.01.018","article-title":"Degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in blackberry juice and concentrate","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00242","article-title":"Mechanism and In Vivo Evaluation: Photodynamic Antibacterial Chemotherapy of Lysine-Porphyrin Conjugate","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.09.025","article-title":"On the determining role of network structure titania in silicone against bacterial colonization: Mechanism and disruption of biofilm","volume":"34","author":"Depan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.06.027","article-title":"Antimicrobial potency of differently coated 10 and 50 nm silver nanoparticles against clinically relevant bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"170","author":"Kubo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00910-8","article-title":"Permeabilising effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of microcystin on the growth ofEscherichia coli","volume":"230","author":"Dixon","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.04.098","article-title":"3,6-O-[N-(2-Aminoethyl)-acetamide-yl]-chitosan exerts antibacterial activity by a membrane damage mechanism","volume":"149","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.09.060","article-title":"Antimicrobial and membrane disrupting activities of a peptide derived from the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL37","volume":"98","author":"Thennarasu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02456-14","article-title":"Importance of Real-Time Assays to Distinguish Multidrug Efflux Pump-Inhibiting and Outer Membrane-Destabilizing Activities in Escherichia coli","volume":"197","author":"Misra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"10","article-title":"Membrane interaction and antibacterial properties of chensinin-1, an antimicrobial peptide with atypical structural features from the skin of Rana chensinensis","volume":"96","author":"Shang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microb. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2144\/05391RV01","article-title":"Real-time PCR for mRNA quantitation","volume":"39","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01086","article-title":"Effect of a Point Mutation in mprF on Susceptibility to Daptomycin, Vancomycin, and Oxacillin in an MRSA Clinical Strain","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.04.109","article-title":"Characterization and antibacterial mechanism of poly(aminoethyl) modified chitin synthesized via a facile one-step pathway","volume":"195","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"5","article-title":"Adhesion, autoaggregation and hydrophobicity of 13 strains of Bifidobacterium longum","volume":"31","author":"Re","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28357","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28357","article-title":"Water-soluble benzylidene cyclopentanone based photosensitizers for in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial photodynamic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.10.041","article-title":"Insights into the membrane interaction mechanism and antibacterial properties of chensinin-1b","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/12\/4639\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:50:48Z","timestamp":1760125848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/12\/4639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28124639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28124639","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]}}}