{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:28:22Z","timestamp":1792081702974,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]],"date-time":"2023-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis are incredibly variable, and are impacted by genetics, UV exposure, and some drugs. Patients\u2019 physical appearance, psychological health, and social functioning are all impacted by a sizable number of skin conditions that cause pigmentary abnormalities. Hyperpigmentation, where pigment appears to overflow, and hypopigmentation, where pigment is reduced, are the two major classifications of skin pigmentation. Albinism, melasma, vitiligo, Addison\u2019s disease, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can be brought on by eczema, acne vulgaris, and drug interactions, are the most common skin pigmentation disorders in clinical practice. Anti-inflammatory medications, antioxidants, and medications that inhibit tyrosinase, which prevents the production of melanin, are all possible treatments for pigmentation problems. Skin pigmentation can be treated orally and topically with medications, herbal remedies, and cosmetic products, but a doctor should always be consulted before beginning any new medicine or treatment plan. This review article explores the numerous types of pigmentation problems, their causes, and treatments, as well as the 25 plants, 4 marine species, and 17 topical and oral medications now on the market that have been clinically tested to treat skin diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28124839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T02:29:19Z","timestamp":1687141759000},"page":"4839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":181,"title":["Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0672-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin Mahmood","family":"Thawabteh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine"},{"name":"General Safety Section, General Services Department, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit 71939, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Jibreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Beit Jala Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beit Jala 97300, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donia","family":"Karaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al\u00e0","family":"Thawabteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Department, Faculty of Health Profession, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-4490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafik","family":"Karaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine"},{"name":"Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Bino, S., Duval, C., and Bernerd, F. 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